ABSTRACT
During the past 10 years a good deal of effort has focused on preventing cigarette smoking among adolescents. This effort has often been made without a clear understanding of (1) which groups within the population are at highest risk, (2) which variables are associated with habitual smoking rather than experimentation, and (3) how the influence of those factors differs across levels of the variables that locate the adolescent in his or her social environment. The purpose of this research was to use a social learning model to address those three questions. The data were collected as part of the first wave of a longitudinal research project on adolescent smoking behavior. The results indicated that the ability to integrate smoking into the adolescent's lifestyle, followed by positive attitudes toward smoking and association with peers who smoked, had the greatest influence on the likelihood of habitual smoking. In addition, adolescents who were at the extreme ends of the popularity continuum or were the least integrated into the school environment were at the greatest risk for becoming habitual smokers.
Subject(s)
Smoking Prevention , Adolescent , Attitude to Health , Female , Humans , Learning , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Models, Statistical , Peer Group , Risk , Schools , Smoking/psychology , Social Behavior , Social Environment , Socioeconomic FactorsSubject(s)
Aged , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Life Change Events , Adaptation, Psychological , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Social Support , United StatesSubject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Smoking Prevention , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Iowa , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Random Allocation , Saliva/analysis , Socioeconomic Factors , Sociology, Medical , Surveys and Questionnaires , Thiocyanates/analysisABSTRACT
Engineering and microbiological tests indicated that a typical, commercial laminar airflow cabinet was not effective in providing either product protection or agent containment. The cabinet was modified and tested through a series of alternate configurations to establish a set of design criteria. A mock-up cabinet was developed from these design criteria. The mock-up unit was evaluated for efficiency in providing both product protection and agent containment. In these evaluations, challenge methods were developed to simulate normal, in-use laboratory operations. Controlled bacterial or viral aerosol challenges were used at higher than normal levels to provide stringent test conditions. Test results indicated that the mock-up unit was considerably better in preventing agent penetration (0.1 to 0.2 particles per 100 ft(3) of air) than the commercial cabinet (5 to 6 particles per 100 ft(3) of air) during product protection tests. Similarly, agent containment was considerably better in the new cabinet (particle escape of 2 to 3 per 100 ft(3) of air at only one of the five test sites) than in the commercial cabinet (particle escape of 2 to 14 per 100 ft(3) of air at three of the five test sites).
