Reducing Pain and Anxiety in the Blood Collection Unit: The Impact of the Child-Friendly Design.

Purpose: The study aimed to examine the effect of a child-friendly design on the pain and anxiety levels during blood draw in children aged 1-3 years and the satisfaction levels of their parents toward the environment in which they receive health care services. Methods: The nonrandomized study was conducted with 158 children aged 1-3 years and their parents. Data were obtained with the "Personal Information Form," "Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) Pain Scale," "Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Anxiety Scale," and "Parental Satisfaction Scale-VAS." Data were collected from the control group before the design and from the intervention group after the design. Results: During the blood draw, the VAS Anxiety score of the children in the intervention group was 3.17 ± 1.44 and that of the control group was 7.00 ± 2.51 (t = 246.500, p < .001). The FLACC score was 3.94 ± 1.65 in the intervention group and 7.32 ± 2.51 in the control group (t = 915.000, p < .001). The mean satisfaction scores of the parents in the intervention group for the environment where they received health care were 10.00 ± 0.00, and those of the parents in the control group were 4.85 ± 1.68 (test = -11.561, p < .001). Conclusion: The child-friendly design effectively reduced children's pain and anxiety levels during blood draws and increased parents' satisfaction with the environment in which health care was received. Practical Implications: Implementing a child-friendly design in blood collection units is recommended to alleviate the pain and anxiety associated with children's blood draws, thereby enhancing parental satisfaction with the care provided.

Adaptation of Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Child Autonomy Toward Minor Surgery to Turkish.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to conduct validity and reliability testing of the Turkish version of the Parent Self-Efficacy Scale for Child Autonomy toward Minor Surgery (PSESCAMS). DESIGN: The research is a methodological study. METHODS: Data were collected using an Introductory Form and the PSESCAMS. Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and item-total score analysis were used for the data analysis. FINDINGS: The scale consisted of 18 items and four subscales. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was 0.95, and the Cronbach's alpha values for the subscales were 0.64-0.92. The total factor loading was > 0.45 for both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. GFI, AGFI, and CFI were > 0.90, RMSEA was 0.06. CONCLUSION: PSESCAMS was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish culture.

The effect of using an interactive mobile application for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children: Randomized controlled study.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop an interactive mobile application called 5inD, and investigate the effect of 5inD on the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in pediatric oncology patients. METHODS: The prospective, parallel-group and randomized controlled study was conducted in a university hospital between October 2019 and January 2021 with 57 children aged 8-18 years who were treated with chemotherapy and their mothers. In this study, a mobile application called "5inD" was developed, which includes five distraction methods to reduce CINV. Data were collected about CINV through the Adapted Rhodes Index for Nausea & Vomiting child version (ARINVc), and parent version (ARINVp). CINV of the children was evaluated for seven days starting from the first day of chemotherapy. RESULTS: In the study, Child ARINVc and Parent ARINVp mean scores of the intervention groups were lower than the control group during the seven days (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the group's Adapted Rhodes Index of Nausea and Vomiting for Pediatrics by Child (ARINVc) and by Parent (ARINVp) mean scores in terms of the group, time, and group*time interaction. While a statistically significant difference was found between the intervention group's and control group's mean scores in terms of the group, time, and group*time for the acute CINV (p < 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference for delayed CINV between groups scores in terms of the time, and group*time interaction (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study supports the findings that the interactive mobile application was found effective in reducing CINV in children. Additionally, it can be said 5inD is more effective for the management of acute CINV than delayed CINV.

The effects of administered interventions on quality of life of children with cancer in Turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyse the effects of administered interventions on the quality of life of children with cancer in Turkey. METHODS: The quantitative studies conducted with paediatric oncology patients, analysing the quality of life of Turkish children, and published papers from 2009 to 2019 were searched. Joanna Briggs Institution MAStARI Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Control List and Quality Index were used for methodological assessment. Five studies comprising a total of 264 samples were included. Four studies were nonrandomised controlled trials, and one was a quasi-experimental study. RESULTS: Tests for heterogeneity showed that the studies, which included interventions increasing the quality of life of children with cancer, were heterogeneous. The common effect size of all studies on quality of life was determined as having a strong positive effect. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis and systematic review contribute to the knowledge of Turkish health care professionals regarding these interventions by producing results with high levels of evidence on the improvement of the quality of life among children with cancer. The present study also significantly raises awareness and encourages health care professionals to implement interventions for the improvement of quality of life among children with cancer.

Effects of Virtual Reality on Pain During Venous Port Access in Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study.

PURPOSE: Needle procedures are one of the most distressing practices for pediatric oncology patients. Virtual reality (VR) is a distraction method which offers an extremely realistic and interactive virtual environment and helps reduce needle-related pain and distress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of VR method on pain during venous port access in pediatric oncology patients aged 7 to 18 years. METHOD: Children who had cancer and were between the ages of 7 and 18 years and undergoing a port-a-cath access were randomly assigned through blocked randomization to either the VR intervention group or control group. A commercially available VR headset was fitted to children in the intervention group. Immediately after the port access, pain scores were obtained from children's self-reports and parents' proxy reports, using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. RESULTS: Descriptive characteristics of the children (n = 71) showed a homogeneous distribution between groups. During the procedure, children in the control group (n = 36; 5.03 ± 3.35) experienced more pain than the children in VR group (n = 35; 2.34 ± 2.76; p < .001). Proxy reports of the parents in the experimental group (1.77 ± 2.46) were found to be lower than those in the control group (4.67 ± 2.56; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: VR method is effective for reducing pain during venous port access in pediatric oncology patients. VR should be used as a distraction method during venous port access.

Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Diabetes Family Impact Scale.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Diabetes Family Impact Scale (DFIS). METHODS AND DESIGN: The study was carried out methodologically with 121 parents who have 6-18 year-old children with type 1 diabetes (n = 121). The collected data were analyzed by conducting confirmatory factor analysis, t test, and Pearson's correlation analysis and by computing Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS: The linguistic validity of the scale was ensured by undertaking translation and back-translation. Expert opinions were analyzed and all the content validity indices were found to be ≥0.80. The factor loadings of all the items ranged from 0.47 to 0.89, and the model fit indices were as follows: χ²/df = 1.21 and RMSEA = 0.04. Scores that were obtained across two temporally separated administrations were not significantly different (p > .05), and there was a strong correlation between the two sets of scores (ICC = 0.892; p < .001). The Cronbach's α of the scale was .881. The item-total correlation coefficients of the scale items ranged from .34 to .72. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to the original assessment, the Turkish version of the DFIS consists of 14 items and 4 subscales. It is a valid and reliable measure that is suitable for use with Turkish samples. Researchers can use this scale to assess the effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the family of an affected child.

The effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises on compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue of nurse managers.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises on compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue of nurse managers. DESIGN AND METHODS: A pretest, posttest, one-group quasi-experimental study was carried out with 30 nurse managers and they were received "Jacobson: Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exercises" in a group once in a week for 8 weeks. FINDINGS: After the second month, the mean compassion fatigue (p < 0.01) and the mean burnout scores (p = 0.01) were decreased. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: It is recommended to expand progressive muscle relaxation exercises and to conduct studies in different groups to increase the professional quality of life.

The Efficacy of Distraction Cards and Kaleidoscope for Reducing Pain During Phlebotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of distraction cards and a kaleidoscope in reducing pain during phlebotomy procedures among children aged 6 to 12. DESIGN: This randomized controlled study involved intervention groups and a control group. METHODS: Data were obtained by the use of an information form and the visual analog scale. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics as well as Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, and post hoc tests. FINDINGS: During the phlebotomy, children in the control group experienced more pain than children in the distraction cards group and kaleidoscope group (P < .001). There was no significant difference between pain scores of the two intervention groups (P > .05). Both methods were found to be effective in reducing pain. CONCLUSIONS: It may be helpful to inform children and parents about the process before procedural interventions. Nurses would likely benefit from education on the use of distraction cards and kaleidoscope to be used during procedural interventions.

Effect of Gum Chewing on Pain and Anxiety in Turkish Children During Intravenous Cannulation: A Randomized Controlled Study.

PURPOSE: Although gum chewing is a simple intervention that can be used for the management of pain and anxiety in the nursing care of children, few studies have assessed this intervention. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gum chewing on pain and anxiety during intravenous (IV) cannulation in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: This randomized controlled study assessed 73 children aged 6 to 12 years in the general paediatric unit in a university hospital in the Trachy Region, Turkey from April to September 2017. In the experimental group, children chewed gum during the procedure. The standard care was applied to the control group. Data were collected via the Children's Anxiety Pain Scale and the Data Collection Form. RESULTS: According to the children's self-report and the nurse's report, the pain level of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group. Although no significant difference was noted between experimental and control groups' anxiety levels, nurses stated higher anxiety levels than children. CONCLUSIONS: The IV cannulation procedure causes pain and anxiety in children. Nurses reported the perception of a higher level of anxiety during the procedure than the children actually experienced. Gum chewing might reduce pain during IV cannulation. Nurses should consider using gum chewing as a simple nursing implementation to increase the effects of other pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques for management of children's procedural pain. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses who work with the children could use gum chewing as a simple, inexpensive, and pleasurable intervention for the management of pain.

[Reduction of pain during intravenous cannulation in children: Buzzy application]. / Çocuklarda damar yolu açma islemi sirasinda olusan agriyi azaltma: Buzzy uygulamasi.

OBJECTIVES: This study was a randomized, controlled examination of the effect of the Buzzy device (MMJ Labs, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA) in reducing pain during peripheral intravenous cannulation in children. The device uses a combination of highfrequency vibration and cold to block pain. METHODS: The study was conducted with 56 children aged 7-12 years who presented at the pediatric emergency department of Trakya University Health Center for Medical Research and Practice. Data were gathered using a family and child data collection form and the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (Wong-Baker FACES Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA). A vein visualization tool was used in both groups for peripheral intravenous cannulation, and the Buzzy device was also used in the experimental group. The pain of the children was assessed by a nurse and the children. Descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and correlation analysis were used to evaluate the data. The results were evaluated at a 95% confidence interval and p<0.05 was accepted as the level of significance. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 8.37±1.96 years and 58.9% were male. The mean pain score provided by the children in the experimental group was 3.40±3.56 and it was 3.76±3.06 in the control group. The mean pain score reported by the nurse for the experimental group was 4.53±3.44 and 3.76±2.73 for the control group. There was no significant difference between the pain scores reported by the children and the nurse according to group (p<0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the pain scores recorded by the nurse and the children (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: The Buzzy device was not effective in reducing pain during intravenous cannulation. The level of pain reported by the nurse was higher than that described by the children. It is recommended that training on pain assessment and the use of distraction methods should be provided to nurses working in pediatric emergency departments.

Effect of disease management education on the quality of life and self-efficacy levels of children with asthma.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of disease management education provided to children with asthma on their quality of life and self-efficacy levels. METHODS AND DESIGN: The study design was a quasi-experimental design with The One Group Pretest-Posttest design. This study was conducted on 60 children with asthma between 10 and 18 years of age. Data were collected by "Information Form", "Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire", and "Self-Efficacy Scale for Children and Adolescents with Asthma". Children's quality of life and self-efficacy levels were assessed before receiving an individual asthma education intervention and then children were informed with an asthma management education book individually. Two months after the education intervention, the quality of life and self-efficacy levels of the children were re-evaluated. RESULTS: The children's quality of life and self-efficacy levels increased significantly after education (p = 0.014). Maternal age, number of siblings, number of family members living in the same house, activity status, the frequency of experiencing symptoms, and the ability to use the inhalers on their own affected children quality of life. Child's age, knowledge about factors causing asthma, and ability to use medication on their own affected their self-efficacy ( p < 0.05). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: According to these results, planned asthma education program and provided continuity of this education by nurses would be effective to improve the quality of life and levels of self-efficacy. Asthma management education for children with asthma by nurses after diagnosis is beneficial for improving the quality of life and levels of self-efficacy.

Musculoskeletal problems and attitudes towards footwear among university students.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Footwear preferences and habits may be related to musculoskeletal system problems. This study was designed to determine the relationship between the selection of footwear, musculoskeletal problems and the affecting factors among university students from that different division. METHODS: Four hundred and sixty-six university students in the divisions of Physiotherapy Rehabilitation, Nursing and Business Administration participated in this study. The data was collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers and the Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the participants, 68.5% preferred to wear sports shoes; 24.0% of the participants had foot pain. Comfort, robustness and quality come to the fore in the behavioural patterns of young and healthy individuals regarding footwear. Those who experienced foot and lower back pain considered such parameters as quality, fitness for foot health, flexibility and lightness in footwear. CONCLUSIONS: While patterns such as foot health, flexibility and lightness are reflected in the footwear preferences of those who have lower back pain, those who have pain or problems in their feet take into consideration the quality, lightness, fitness to foot health. The relationship determined in the present study shows that those who experience pain are more selective in their footwear preferences.

Attitudes of Turkish midwives and nurses working at hospitals towards people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Health professionals caring for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) show poor or negative attitudes because of fear of contagion. Therefore, it is important to know the attitudes of midwives' and nurses' towards people living with HIV/AIDS. The aim of this descriptive and cross-sectional study is to assess the attitudes of Turkish midwives and nurses working at hospitals to people living with HIV/AIDS and to identify factors that affect these attitudes. A group of 46 midwives and 192 nurses working in hospitals were included in the study. Data were collected through AIDS Attitude Scale. Age, professional experience, number of children and marital status influenced the attitudes of the participants towards people living with HIV/AIDS. We concluded that higher level of education appear to positively influence the attitudes of the participants. Education programmes including evidence-based nursing implications might be planned to improve positive attitudes and to prevent stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS.