[The energy parameters of the liver mitochondria under the prolonged action of halothane in vitro]. / Energeticheskie parametry mitokhondrii pecheni pri prodolzhitel'nom deistvii galotana in vitro.

The effect of 10-, 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-min exposure to halotane vapors on the energy parameters of mitochondria of the liver of albino rats was studied in in vitro experiments. In long-term contact of the mitochondria with halotane the respiratory and phosphorylation function of the mitochondria in oxidation of PAD- and NAD-dependent substrates was disturbed.

[The correlation of liver mitochondrial respiration in mammals and reptiles at different temperatures]. / Sootnoshenie dykhaniia mitokhondrii pecheni u mlekopitaiushchikh i reptilii pri raznoi temperature.

In the experiments with isolated mitochondria in vitro (25 degrees C) it was shown that the respiration rate in mice was 3-5 times higher compared with agamas; in this case both animal species exhibited close body mass. At the comparison of mice and tortoises with the body mass 25-30 times exceeding the one of mice 4-10 times difference in mitochondrial respiration was found. In addition this difference was more pronounced with caprilate and pyruvate than with succinate used as substrates. High rates of respiration for mice mitochondria are shown to persist at wide temperature range in vitro. However respiration parameters for mice and agamas are close in vitro at the temperature of 37 degrees C for mice mitochondria (the optimal mouse body temperature is about 37 degrees C) and the temperature of 42 degrees C for agama mitochondria (the optimal life temperature for agamas is about 42 degrees C).

[The role of transaminases and mitochondrial anion porters in the energetics of animals of different ages]. / Rol' transaminaz i anionperenoschikov mitokhondrii v énergetike zhivotnykh raznogo vozrasta.

Aminohydroxyacetate, an inhibitor of aminotransferases, decreases the rate of oxygen consumption by 1-day-old young rats by 35% 10 min after intraperitoneal injection, whereas for 20-day-old rats, the inhibitory effect is 56%, and for adult mice, it is 83%. More prolonged exposure to aminohydroxyacetate leads to death of the animal. One-day-old rats die 90 min after the injection, 20-day-old rats die 30 min after the injection, and adult mice die 15 min after the injection. Butylmalonate (an inhibitor of mitochondrial dicarboxylate translocator) decreases the rate of energy metabolism to a lower extent, by 38% in adult mice and by 18% in 1-day-old rats. The animals generally remain alive after the exposure to this compound. 1,2,3-benzyltricarboxylate, an inhibitor of tricarboxylate transport, shows only a weak effect on energy metabolism of animals of any age. These results provide evidence that the role of the transaminase system in energy metabolism increases with age. Mechanisms underlying weak sensitivity of newborn animals to these inhibitors are discussed.

[The effect of carbohydrate metabolic changes during pregnancy on the capacity of liver mitochondria in rat progeny to oxidize the lipid intermediate]. / Vliianie izmenenii uglevodnogo obmena vo vremia beremennosti na sposobnost' mitokhondrii pecheni potomstva krys okisliat' lipidnyi intermediat.

Respiration rate, respiration control and ADP of liver mitochondria were studies in one-, ten-, and twenty-day-old rats born of females who had received subcutaneous insulin injections (0.25 U/100 g body weight) on days 5-7, 11-13 and 19-21 of pregnancy or glucose (1 g/100 g body weight, in the morning before feeding). Caprylate, an intermediate of the lipid metabolism, was used as the substrate for oxidation. In the control, caprylate oxidation in one-day old rats occurred at a low rate without providing for synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate. Insulin administration and alimentary hyperglycemia in females on days 5-7 of pregnancy had no significant effect on respiration rate of liver mitochondria in progeny of all ages tested. Administration of the above preparations on days 11-13 and 19-21 of pregnancy improved caprylate oxidation in mitochondria of the newborn rats. In other series the difference between experiments and the control was insignificant. Metabolic changes in the newborns are shown to be related to hyperinsulinemia in pregnant females.

[The characteristics of lactate oxidation in the tissue mitochondria of rats of different ages]. / Osobennosti okisleniia laktata v mitokhondriiakh tkanei krys raznogo vozrasta.

The parameters of respiration (V3, V4) and phosphorylation (the respiration control, ADP/O) have been studied using lactate as a substrate (obligatory with NAD addition) close by meaning to pyruvate on the liver and heart mitochondrion and homogenates of newborn rats. In 20-days and adult rats the mitochondria and homogenates oxidize the lactate (with NAD) with higher rate V4 but with lower value of respiration control as compared with the newborn animals. Simultaneously, a high activity of mitochondrial NADH-oxidase, oxidizing NADH, formed in the reaction of lactate dehydrogenase not connected with ATP synthesis. The role of mitochondrial NADH-oxidase are discussed as a factor increasing lactate oxidation, removing tissue lactate and activating the age dependent energy metabolism.

[The respiratory activity of the liver mitochondria and the viability of rat pups subjected to changes in their carbohydrate metabolism in the prenatal development period]. / Dykhatel'naia aktivnost' mitokhondrii pecheni i zhiznesposobnost' krysiat, podvergnutykh izmeneniiami ikh uglevodnogo obmena v prenatal'nyi period razvitiia.

It is shown that hyperglycemia after insulin introduction to the pregnant rats delays oxidation of pyruvate and malate by liver mitochondria as well as decreases offspring vitality. Digestive hyperglycemia activates utilization of this intermediate by liver mitochondria, that increases the rat vitality.

[The oxidation of different substrates by liver mitochondria from rat pups in early postnatal development]. / Okislenie raznykh substratov mitokhondriiami pecheni krysiat v rannem postnatal'nom razvitii.

We have studied the respiratory ratio of liver mitochondria during oxidation of substrates of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in newborn rats and during early postnatal development. High rate of respiration coupled with the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate has been found during oxidation of carbohydrate substrates (pyruvate + malate); however, caprilate, a substrate of lipid metabolism, does not support such respiration. However, in the young rats aging from 2 to 30 days utilization of carbohydrate and lipid substrates via the phosphorylating pathway proceeds with similar efficacy.

[Oxidation of lactate in isolated rat heart mitochondria]. / Okislenie laktata v izolirovannykh mitokhondriiakh serdtsa krysy.

In unwashed mitochondria the oxidation of L-lactate (with NAD+) proceeds in presence of the added lactate dehydrogenase. The respiration is characterized by the high rate in state 4 and is stimulated by ADP. This process takes place in unwashed mitochondria and homogenate of the heart in absence of added lactate dehydrogenase. Oxidation of lactate with NAD+ is inhibited by rotenone. It has been also revealed that the oxidation of glutamate is insufficiently altered in presence of lactate (with NAD+) in unwashed mitochondria as compared with the washed ones. It is supposed that the stimulating effect of lactate with NAD+ on the mitochondria respiration is not so much a result of the membrane-damaged action as a result of oxidation of lactate dehydrogenase reaction products: phosphorylative oxidation of pyruvate and nonconjugated oxidation of NADH. Utilization of these products takes place in the main respiratory chain, including its first stage.

[Characteristics of the oxidation of the intermediates of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the liver mitochondria of young rabbits during perinatal development]. / Osobennosti okisleniia intermediatov uglevodnogo i zhirovogo obmena v mitokhondriakh pecheni krol'chat v period perinatal'nogo razvitiia.

Respiratory activity of liver mitochondria has been studied in perinatal rabbits (29 day old embryos, neonatal and 30 day old rabbits). Intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, pyruvate (with malate), as well as of fat metabolism, caprylate, were used as oxidative substrates for mitochondria. Pyruvate was shown to be oxidized more intensively, particularly in liver mitochondria of newborn rabbits. Mitochondrial enzyme system is supposed to promote the oxidation of carbohydrate substrates which is characteristic of a given tissue during perinatal development.

[Respiration of mitochondria from brown fat and the mechanism of thermogenesis]. / Dykhanie mitokhondrii buroi zhirovoi tkani i mekhanizm termogeneza.

It is shown that both phosphorylating and nonphosphorylating (noncoupled) respirations, the latter being regulated by GDP and increasing in a series of substrates - pyruvate + malate----succinate----NADH----ascorbate(+ cytochrome c) have been presented in brown fat mitochondria of newborn guinea pigs and of adult rats under thermoneutral conditions. Noncoupled respiration is suggested to support thermogenesis not only under cold exposure but under thermoneutral conditions as well.

[Effect of cold exposure on energy processes in the tissues and on the growth of rats in the early postnatal period]. / Vliianie kholodovogo vozdeistviia na énergeticheskie protsessy v tkaniakh i rost krys v pannii postnatal'nyi period.

The effect of different temperature conditions on postnatal development of rats has been investigated. Considerable deviations in growth rate, vitality of rats and tissue energetic processes during the intensive cold action (5-6 degrees C) have been revealed. Under such conditions the local increase of nest temperature up to 30 degrees C causes the growth stimulation, increase of vitality and optimization of energetic processes in liver and heart. The dependence of the studied indices on the degree of the thermoregulatory system formation is under discussion.

[Uncoupled oxidation in rat heart mitochondria]. / O nesopriazhennom okislenii v mitokhondriiakh serdtsa krysy.

Isolated heart mitochondria possessing a high phosphorylation efficiency with pyruvate and malate as substrates oxidize NADH and ascorbate unassociated with ADP phosphorylation. This uncoupled pathway is expressed partially when succinate or NAD-linked substrates are oxidized. The uncoupled oxidation is likely to be the result of the presence of a mitochondrial population with the high-permeable inner membrane in intact tissues. The nature and origin of a uncoupled respiratory system and its role in the thermoproduction of endotherms are discussed.

[Channel-forming membrane protein (32 kD) from brown fat mitochondria]. / Kanaloobrazuiushchii membrannyi belok (32 kD) iz mitokhondrii burogo zhira.

Isolated from brown adipose tissue mitochondria of newborn guinea pigs thermogenin forms ion channels in BLM which are analogous with mitochondrial porin channels.

[Phosphorylation and uncoupled respiration in the tissue of rats during the development of homoiothermy]. / Fosforiliruiushchee i nesopriazhennoe dykhanie v tkaniakh krys v period formirovaniia gomoiotermii.

A marked increase in the rate of mitochondrial respiration, not coupled with ADP phosphorylation, was noted during the transformation of newborn poikilothermic animals into homoeothermic ones in the experiment on the rat tissue homogenates. Uncoupled respiration, as well as coupled one, is realized by the mitochondrial respiration chain, is observed upon oxidation of NADH, succinate, ascorbate and is expressed by a high rate of O2 consumption in the absence of added ADP. During ontogenesis, uncoupled respiration is activated to a greater extent in the heart and skeletal muscle and to a lesser extent in the liver and brown fat. The rates of phosphorylating oxidation of different substrates in tissue homogenates of animals from various age groups differ insignificantly. It is supposed that the postnatal development of homoeothermism in rats is ensured by the formation in many tissues of a system of uncoupled respiration, which takes part in heat production without preliminary ATP synthesis.

Qualitative difference in mitochondria of endothermic and ectothermic animals.

A significantly higher rate of respiration in the absence of added ADP has been revealed in mitochondria of endotherms as compared with that of the ectotherms with similar rates of respiration during phosphorylation. A high rate of ADP-independent (non-coupled with ATP synthesis) respiration is observed during oxidation of succinate, NADH and ascorbate + cytochrome c, but not with NAD-dependent substrates. It increases in the presence of cytochrome c during oxidation of succinate and NADH and is also revealed during oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates in the presence of NAD+ and cytochrome c. ADP-independent respiration is not affected by oligomycin, however, it is essentially inhibited in the presence of GDP. It is suggested that the significant difference in the value of ADP-independent respiration of endo- and ectotherms is due to the existence in endotherms of a non-coupled population of mitochondria which generates heat without preliminary synthesis of ATP.

[Reactions of energy supply and thermogenesis in the tissues of animals born mature and immature]. / Reaktsii énergoobespecheniia i termogeneza v tkaniakh zrelo- i nezrelorozhdaiushchikhsia zhivotnykh.

In the heart and skeletal muscle homogenates of mature-born neonate and adult guinea pigs succinate is oxidized intensively with a low phosphorylation rate and NAD . H without ADP phosphorylation; both the substrates are oxidized without phosphorylation in the brown fat. In the heart homogenate of immature-born neonate rats succinate is oxidized with a high ADP phosphorylation; in the skeletal muscle homogenate these substrates are oxidized with a low rate and in the brown fat homogenate with a high rate and without ADP phosphorylation. The liver homogenate of all animals in characterized by succinate phosphorylating oxidation and low rate of NAD . H oxidation. These data suggest that in homothermic animals a number of tissues have, besides the phosphorylating, also the non-phosphorylating (uncoupled-oxidizing) respiration system which might be directly related to the provision for the organism's homothermic state.

[Activity and stability of NAD.H-oxidase, succinate oxidase and cytochrome oxidase of rat liver and pancreatic mitochondria in chronic allergic colitis]. / Aktivnost' i stabil'nost' NAD-H-oksidazy, suktsinatoksidazy i tsitokhromoksidazy mitokhondrii pecheni i podzheludochnoi zhelezy krys pri khronicheskom allergicheskom kolite

A comparative study of thermostability of NADH-, succinate- and cytochrome oxidases was carried out in liver mitochondria and pancreas of rats in normal state and in chronic allergic colitis. In the pathology degradative alterations occurred in mitochondria, which were manifested as a decrease in the stability of mitochondrial mutinzyme systems of tissues studies. The results suggested occurrence of latent impairments in structure of mitochondria.