Cancer of unknown primary eventually diagnosed as poorly differentiated prostate cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer has been well known to have a high prevalence among middle-aged and older men, with high incidence of metastases to the bone-the main metastatic site. However, prostate cancer among those less than 50 years of age is extremely rare, and neck swelling is seldom the initial symptom. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report case of a 47-year-old Japanese male with poorly differentiated prostate cancer that had been initially diagnosed as a cancer of unknown primary with multiple lymph node and bone metastases before reaching a definitive diagnosis. The patient has been started on endocrine therapy and is currently alive without progression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: When locating the primary lesion in men with cancer of unknown primary, it is important to consider the possibility of prostate cancer, confirm serum prostate-specific antigen levels, and perform local prostate evaluation.

Impact of postoperative complications on long-term survival in bladder cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of postoperative complications on long-term survival outcomes in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. METHODS: This retrospective multi-institutional study included 766 bladder cancer patients who underwent radical cystectomy between 2011 and 2017. Patient characteristics, perioperative outcomes, all complications within 90 days after surgery and survival outcomes were collected. Each complication was graded based on the Clavien-Dindo system, and grouped using a standardized grouping method. The Comprehensive Complication Index, which incorporates all complications into a single formula weighted by their severity, was utilized. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival (local, distant or urothelial recurrences) were stratified by Comprehensive Complication Index (high: ≥26.2; low: <26.2). A multivariate model was utilized to identify independent prognostic factors. RESULTS: The incidence of any and major complications (≥Clavien-Dindo grade III) was 70 and 24%, respectively. In terms of Comprehensive Complication Index, 34% (261/766) of the patients had ≥26.2. Patients with Comprehensive Complication Index ≥ 26.2 had shorter overall survival (4-year, 59.5 vs. 69.8%, respectively, log-rank test, P = 0.0037) and recurrence free survival (51.9 vs. 60.1%, respectively, P = 0.0234), than those with Comprehensive Complication Index < 26.2. The Cox multivariate model identified the age, performance status, pT-stage, pN-stage and higher CCI (overall survival: HR = 1.35, P = 0.0174, recurrence-free survival: HR = 1.26, P = 0.0443) as independent predictors of both overall survivial and recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative complications assessed by Comprehensive Complication Index had adverse effects on long-term survival outcomes. Physicians should be aware that major postoperative complications can adversely affect long-term disease control.

Comparative study of postoperative complications after radical cystectomy during the past two decades in Japan: Radical cystectomy remains associated with significant postoperative morbidities.

OBJECTIVES: During the past 2 decades, in order to improve perioperative and oncological outcomes, a minimally invasive approach, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and an enhanced postoperative recovery program after surgery have been introduced into routine clinical practice of radical cystectomy (RC). Our aim was to examine the differences in clinical practice and postoperative complications after RC by comparing our previous and current cohorts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective multi-institutional study. We collected all complications within 90 days after surgery between 2011 and 2017 (current cohort), and categorized them according to a standardized methodology. Then, we compared the outcomes with those in our previous study (previous cohort, 1997-2010). A multivariate logistic regression model was utilized to determine predictors of complications in the current cohort. RESULTS: A total of 838 patients were newly collected (current cohort), and 919 from the previous cohort were included in the subsequent analyses. In the current cohort, the rate of performing NAC was significantly higher (13% vs. 4%, respectively, P < 0.0001), and 26% (222/838) underwent laparoscopic RC (LRC, without robotic assistance: n = 210, with robotic assistance: n = 12). There was no significant difference in the overall complication [69% (580/838) vs. 68% (629/919), respectively, P = 0.7284] or major complication (Grades 3-5) [25% (211/838) vs. 22% (201/919), respectively, P = 0.1022] rates between the 2 cohorts. In both cohorts, the most frequent categories were infectious, gastrointestinal, wound-related, and genitourinary. In the current cohort, the performance status (odds ratio, OR = 2.11, P = 0.0013) and operative time (OR = 1.003, P = 0.0016) remained significant predictors of major complications. NAC was not associated with any or major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical complications related to RC still remain significant problems, despite the recent improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care. NAC did not increase the complications.

Health-related quality of life in Japanese patients with bladder cancer measured by a newly developed Japanese version of the Bladder Cancer Index.

INTRODUCTION: We validated a Japanese version of the Bladder Cancer Index (BCI) as a tool for measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in bladder cancer patients treated with various surgical procedures. METHODS: The reliability and validity of the Japanese BCI were examined in 397 Japanese patients with bladder cancer via cross-sectional analysis. The patients simultaneously completed the Short Form (SF)-12, EQ-5D, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General and Bladder (FACT-G and FACT-BL). The differences in BCI subscales among various treatment groups were analyzed. RESULTS: This study involved 397 patients (301 males and 96 females), with a mean age of 70 years and a median disease duration of 29 months (IQR: 12-66 months). Of these patients, 221 underwent transurethral resection of a bladder tumor, and 176 patients underwent radical cystectomy (ileal conduit: 101 patients, ileal neobladder: 49, and ureterostomy: 26). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was ≥ 0.78 for all subscales, except the bowel bother subscale. Despite moderate correlations being detected between the function and bother score in urinary and bowel domains, the sexual function score was inversely correlated with the sexual bother score (r = - 0.19). A missing value percentage of > 15% was associated with old age (p < 0.05). The mean domain scores differed significantly among distinct clinically relevant treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although revisions are needed to make it easier for elderly patients to comprehend, we confirmed the reliability and validity of the Japanese BCI. The Japanese BCI could be used for cross-cultural assessments of HRQOL in bladder cancer patients.

Chemotherapy-Induced IL8 Upregulates MDR1/ABCB1 in Tumor Blood Vessels and Results in Unfavorable Outcome.

Tumor endothelial cells (TEC) lining tumor blood vessels actively contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. In addition to tumor cells, TEC may develop drug resistance during cancer treatment, allowing the tumor cells to survive chemotherapy and metastasize. We previously reported that TECs resist paclitaxel treatment via upregulation of ABCB1. However, whether TEC phenotypes are altered by anticancer drugs remains to be clarified. Here, we show that ABCB1 expression increases after chemotherapy in urothelial carcinoma cases. The ratio of ABCB1-positive TEC before and after first-line chemotherapy in urothelial carcinoma tissues (n = 66) was analyzed by ABCB1 and CD31 immunostaining. In 42 cases (64%), this ratio increased after first-line chemotherapy. Chemotherapy elevated ABCB1 expression in endothelial cells by increasing tumor IL8 secretion. In clinical cases, ABCB1 expression in TEC correlated with IL8 expression in tumor cells after first-line chemotherapy, leading to poor prognosis. In vivo, the ABCB1 inhibitor combined with paclitaxel reduced tumor growth and metastasis compared with paclitaxel alone. Chemotherapy is suggested to cause inflammatory changes in tumors, inducing ABCB1 expression in TEC and conferring drug resistance. Overall, these findings indicate that TEC can survive during chemotherapy and provide a gateway for cancer metastasis. Targeting ABCB1 in TEC represents a novel strategy to overcome cancer drug resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that inhibition of ABCB1 in tumor endothelial cells may improve clinical outcome, where ABCB1 expression contributes to drug resistance and metastasis following first-line chemotherapy.

Bladder cancer detection by urinary extracellular vesicle mRNA analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EV) could be promising biomarkers for urological diseases. In this retrospective feasibility study, we conducted biomarker screening for early stage bladder cancer using EV mRNA analysis. METHODS: Biomarker candidates were identified through RNA-seq analysis of urinary EV from patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (N=3), advanced urothelial cancer (N=3), no residual tumor after TURBT (N=2), and healthy and disease controls (N=4). Diagnostic performance was evaluated by RT-qPCR in a larger patient group including bladder cancer (N=173), renal pelvis and ureter cancer (N=33), no residual tumor and non-cancer disease control (N=36). RESULTS: Urinary EV SLC2A1, GPRC5A and KRT17 were overexpressed in pT1 and higher stage bladder cancer by 20.6-fold, 18.2-fold and 29.5-fold, respectively. These genes allowed detection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (AUC: 0.56 to 0.64 for pTa, 0.62 to 0.80 for pTis, and 0.82 to 0.86 for pT1) as well as pT2 and higher muscle invasive bladder cancer (AUC: 0.72 to 0.90). Subgroup analysis indicated that these markers could be useful for the detection of cytology-negative/-suspicious and recurrent bladder cancers. CONCLUSION: Three urinary EV mRNA were discovered to be elevated in bladder cancer. Urinary EV mRNA are promising biomarkers of urothelial cancer and worth further investigation.

Outcome and prognostic factors in metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients receiving second-line chemotherapy: an analysis of real-world clinical practice data in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to investigate the survival outcome and prognostic factors of metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients treated with second-line systemic chemotherapy in real-world clinical practice. METHODS: Overall, 114 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma undergoing second-line systemic chemotherapy were included in this retrospective analysis. The dominant second-line chemotherapy was a paclitaxel-based combination regimen (60%, 68/114). We assessed the progression-free survival and overall survival times using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards model was applied to identify the factors affecting overall survival. RESULTS: The median progression-free survival and overall survival times were 4 and 9 months, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score greater than 0 at presentation, C-reactive protein level ≧1 mg/dl and poor response to prior chemotherapy were adverse prognostic indicators. Patients with 0, 1, 2 and 3 of those risk factors had a median overall survival of 17, 12, 7 and 3 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status at presentation, C-reactive protein level and response to prior chemotherapy were prognostic factors for metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients undergoing second-line chemotherapy. In the future, this information might help guide the choice of salvage treatment, such as second-line chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors, after the failure of first-line chemotherapy.

Outcome of metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated by systemic chemotherapy: Prognostic factors based on real-world clinical practice in Japan.

AIM: To clarify prognostic factors of metatstatic urothelial carcinoma treated by systemic chemotherapy in real-world clinical practice in the Japanese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 228 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy between 2000 and 2013 were included in the present multi-institutional study. The gemcitabine plus cisplatin regimen was administered as first-line chemotherapy to 131 patients, whereas methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin or its modified regimen was given to 71 patients. Of the 228 patients, 119 received at least 2 different regimens and 22 underwent resection of metastases (metastasectomy). Multivariate survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The characteristics included were age, sex, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS), primary site, pathology of primary site, hemoglobin levels, lactate dehydrogenase levels, C-reactive protein levels, corrected calcium levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate levels, history of prior chemotherapy, metastatic sites, resection of primary site, number of metastatic organs, and metastasectomy. RESULTS: The median overall survival (OS) time was 17 months. On multivariate analysis, female sex, good Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS at presentation, hemoglobin level≥10g/dl, and single organ metastasis were significant independent predictors of prolonged OS. For the survival effect of metastasectomy, the median OS time of the 22 patients with metastasectomy was 53 months, which was significantly longer when compared with patients not undergoing metastasectomy (15mo). After adjustment for the 4 aforementioned prognostic factors, metastasectomy still remained significant (hazard ratio: 0.364, P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: Female sex, more favorable PS at presentation, hemoglobin level>10g/dl, and single organ metastasis were favorable prognostic factors. In addition, metastasectomy was associated with long-term disease control.

Netrin-1 promotes medulloblastoma cell invasiveness and angiogenesis, and demonstrates elevated expression in tumor tissue and urine of patients with pediatric medulloblastoma.

Invasion and dissemination of medulloblastoma within the central nervous system is the principal factor predicting medulloblastoma treatment failure and death. Netrin-1 is an axon guidance factor implicated in tumor and vascular biology, including in invasive behaviors. We found that exogenous netrin-1 stimulated invasion of human medulloblastoma cells and endothelial cells in contrast to VEGF-A, which promoted invasion of endothelial cells but not medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, medulloblastoma cells expressed endogenous netrin-1 along with its receptors, neogenin and UNC5B. Blockades in endogenous netrin-1, neogenin, or UNC5B reduced medulloblastoma invasiveness. Neogenin blockade inhibited netrin-1-induced endothelial cells tube formation and recruitment of endothelial cells into Matrigel plugs, two hallmarks of angiogenesis. In patients with pediatric medulloblastoma, netrin-1 mRNA levels were increased 1.7-fold in medulloblastoma tumor specimens compared with control specimens from the same patient. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that netrin-1 was elevated in medulloblastoma tumors versus cerebellum controls. Notably, urinary levels of netrin-1 were 9-fold higher in patients with medulloblastoma compared with control individuals. Moreover, urinary netrin-1 levels were higher in patients with invasive medulloblastoma compared with patients with noninvasive medulloblastoma. Finally, we noted that urinary netrin-1 levels diminished after medulloblastoma resection in patients. Our results suggest netrin-1 is a candidate biomarker capable of detecting an invasive, disseminated phenotype in patients with medulloblastoma and predicting their disease status.

Successful penile reconstruction after multimodal therapy in patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumor originating from the penis.

We herein present an extremely rare case of primitive neuroectodermal tumor originating in the penis. A 16-year-old male adolescent presented with painful penile swelling. Pathological, immunohistochemical and cytogenetical examinations of the specimens obtained from total penectomy confirmed the diagnosis of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. After total penectomy, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with ifosfamide-based regimen for 48 weeks. As a series of therapies, the patient underwent penile reconstruction surgery after completing adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient has not shown any evidence of recurrence for the 7 years after penile reconstruction surgery, and voiding function is completely normal. A favorable outcome was observed by multimodal therapy including aggressive resection for local control, intensive adjuvant chemotherapy, and penile reconstruction with cosmetic and functional success. Similar therapeutic approaches might be selected for children with primary malignant tumors of the penis.

Epoxyeicosanoids promote organ and tissue regeneration.

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), lipid mediators produced by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, regulate inflammation, angiogenesis, and vascular tone. Despite pleiotropic effects on cells, the role of these epoxyeicosanoids in normal organ and tissue regeneration remains unknown. EETs are produced predominantly in the endothelium. Normal organ and tissue regeneration require an active paracrine role of the microvascular endothelium, which in turn depends on angiogenic growth factors. Thus, we hypothesize that endothelial cells stimulate organ and tissue regeneration via production of bioactive EETs. To determine whether endothelial-derived EETs affect physiologic tissue growth in vivo, we used genetic and pharmacological tools to manipulate endogenous EET levels. We show that endothelial-derived EETs play a critical role in accelerating tissue growth in vivo, including liver regeneration, kidney compensatory growth, lung compensatory growth, wound healing, corneal neovascularization, and retinal vascularization. Administration of synthetic EETs recapitulated these results, whereas lowering EET levels, either genetically or pharmacologically, delayed tissue regeneration, demonstrating that pharmacological modulation of EETs can affect normal organ and tissue growth. We also show that soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors, which elevate endogenous EET levels, promote liver and lung regeneration. Thus, our observations indicate a central role for EETs in organ and tissue regeneration and their contribution to tissue homeostasis.

GATA2 and Lmo2 control angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis via direct transcriptional regulation of neuropilin-2.

GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2) and LIM domain only 2 (Lmo2) form common transcription complexes during hematopoietic differentiation. Here we show that these two transcription factors also play a key role in endothelial cells (EC) and lymphatic EC (LEC) function. Primary EC and tumor-associated blood vessels expressed GATA2 and Lmo2. VEGF-induced sprouting angiogenesis in both differentiating embryonic stem cells (embryoid bodies) and primary EC increased GATA2 and Lmo2 levels. Conversely, silencing of GATA2 and Lmo2 expression in primary EC inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic activity, including EC migration and sprouting in vitro, two key steps of angiogenesis in vivo. This inhibition of EC function was associated with downregulated expression of neuropilin-2 (NRP2), a co-receptor of VEGFRs for VEGF, at the protein, mRNA and promoter levels. NRP2 overexpression partially rescued the impaired angiogenic sprouting in the GATA2/Lmo2 knockdown EC, confirming that GATA2 and Lmo2 mediated EC function, at least in part, by directly regulating NRP2 gene expression. Furthermore, it was found that primary LEC expressed GATA2 and Lmo2 as well. Silencing of GATA2 and Lmo2 expression in LEC inhibited VEGF-induced LEC sprouting, also in a NRP2-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that GATA2 and Lmo2 cooperatively regulate VEGF-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis via NRP2.

Netrin-1 promotes glioblastoma cell invasiveness and angiogenesis by multiple pathways including activation of RhoA, cathepsin B, and cAMP-response element-binding protein.

Glioblastomas are very difficult tumors to treat because they are highly invasive and disseminate within the normal brain, resulting in newly growing tumors. We have identified netrin-1 as a molecule that promotes glioblastoma invasiveness. As evidence, netrin-1 stimulates glioblastoma cell invasion directly through Matrigel-coated transwells, promotes tumor cell sprouting and enhances metastasis to lymph nodes in vivo. Furthermore, netrin-1 regulates angiogenesis as shown in specific angiogenesis assays such as enhanced capillary endothelial cells (EC) sprouting and by increased EC infiltration into Matrigel plugs in vivo, as does VEGF-A. This netrin-1 signaling pathway in glioblastoma cells includes activation of RhoA and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB). A novel finding is that netrin-1-induced glioblastoma invasiveness and angiogenesis are mediated by activated cathepsin B (CatB), a cysteine protease that translocates to the cell surface as an active enzyme and co-localizes with cell surface annexin A2 (ANXA2). The specific CatB inhibitor CA-074Me inhibits netrin-1-induced cell invasion, sprouting, and Matrigel plug angiogenesis. Silencing of CREB suppresses netrin-1-induced glioblastoma cell invasion, sprouting, and CatB expression. It is concluded that netrin-1 plays an important dual role in glioblastoma progression by promoting both glioblastoma cell invasiveness and angiogenesis in a RhoA-, CREB-, and CatB-dependent manner. Targeting netrin-1 pathways may be a promising strategy for brain cancer therapy.

Peri-operative morbidity and mortality related to radical cystectomy: a multi-institutional retrospective study in Japan.

UNLABELLED: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Radical cystectomy remains associated with comparatively high perioperative morbidity and mortality, despite improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care. At present, most studies on the complications associated with open radical cystectomy were derived from Western academic high-volume centres, and data from Japan and other Asian countries were very limited. Using the modified Clavien grading system and 11 category grouping reported from MSKCC, we observed that 68% of patients experienced at least one complication within 90 days of surgery, and 17% of patients experienced major complications (90-day mortality rate = 2%), which were compatible with reports from Western high-volume centres. As far as we know, our report is the largest one regarding perioperative morbidity and mortality in Asian patients who underwent radical cystectomy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the type, incidence and severity of 90-day morbidity after radical cystectomy in our institution and our affiliated hospitals in accordance with a standard reporting methodology. At present, most studies on complications associated with open radical cystectomy are derived from Western academic high-volume centres and data from Japan and other Asian countries remain very limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised a retrospective multi-institutional study. The records were reviewed of 928 patients who underwent open radical cystectomy between 1997 and 2010. All complications within 90 days of surgery were categorized into 11 specific categories and graded in accordance with the modified Clavien system. Multivariate regression models were used to determine predictors of complications. RESULTS: At least one complication was observed in 635 (68%) patients and a major (grade 3-5) complication was observed in 156 (17%) patients. The most common complication categories were infectious (30%), gastrointestinal (26%), wound-related (21%) and genitourinary (15%). The 30-day mortality rate was 0.8% and the 90-day mortality rate was 2%. A multivariate regression model showed that previous cardiovascular comorbidity and type of urinary diversion (i.e. ileal conduit or neobladder) were significant factors for any and major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical complication-related radical cystectomy is significant and both previous cardiovascular comorbidity and the type of urinary diversion were found to be significant factors for any and major complications. The 90-day mortality rate was 2%, which is compatible with reports from Western high-volume centres.

Tumor endothelial cells acquire drug resistance by MDR1 up-regulation via VEGF signaling in tumor microenvironment.

Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) are therapeutic targets in anti-angiogenic therapy. Contrary to the traditional assumption, TECs can be genetically abnormal and might also acquire drug resistance. In this study, mouse TECs and normal ECs were isolated to investigate the drug resistance of TECs and the mechanism by which it is acquired. TECs were more resistant to paclitaxel with the up-regulation of multidrug resistance (MDR) 1 mRNA, which encodes the P-glycoprotein, compared with normal ECs. Normal human microvascular ECs were cultured in tumor-conditioned medium (CM) and became more resistant to paclitaxel through MDR1 mRNA up-regulation and nuclear translocation of Y-box-binding protein 1, which is an MDR1 transcription factor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and Akt were activated in human microvascular ECs by tumor CM. We observed that tumor CM contained a significantly high level of VEGF. A VEGFR kinase inhibitor, Ki8751, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt inhibitor, LY294002, blocked tumor CM-induced MDR1 up-regulation. MDR1 up-regulation, via the VEGF-VEGFR pathway in the tumor microenvironment, is one of the mechanisms of drug resistance acquired by TECs. We observed that VEGF secreted from tumors up-regulated MDR1 through the activation of VEGFR2 and Akt. This process is a novel mechanism of the acquisition of drug resistance by TECs in the tumor microenvironment.

Adrenomedullin antagonist suppresses tumor formation in renal cell carcinoma through inhibitory effects on tumor endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor mobilization.

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional 52-amino acid peptide. AM has several effects and acts as a growth factor in several types of cancer cells. Our previous study revealed that an AM antagonist (AMA) suppressed the growth of pancreatic tumors in mice, although its mechanism was not elucidated. In this study, we constructed an AMA expression vector and used it to treat renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in mice. This AMA expression vector significantly reduced tumor growth in mice. In addition, microvessel density was decreased in AMA-treated tumors. To analyze the effect of AMA on tumor angiogenesis in this model, tumor endothelial cells (TECs) were isolated from RCC xenografts. TEC proliferation was stimulated by AM and it was inhibited by AMA significantly. AM induced migration of TECs and it was also blocked by AMA. However, normal ECs (NECs) were not affected by either AM or AMA. These results demonstrate that AMA has inhibitory effects on TECs specifically, not on NEC, thereby inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, we showed that vascular endothelial growth factor-induced mobilization of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) into circulation was inhibited by AMA. These results suggest that AMA can be considered a good anti-angiogenic reagent that selectively targets TECs and EPC in renal cancer.

Isolated tumor endothelial cells maintain specific character during long-term culture.

Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for solid tumor progression and metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that tumor endothelial cells (TECs) are more relevant to the study of tumor angiogenesis than normal endothelial cells (NECs) because their morphologies and gene expression are different from NECs. However, it is challenging to isolate and culture large numbers of pure ECs from tumor tissue since the percentage of ECs is only about 1-2% and tumor cells and fibroblasts easily overgrow them. In addition, there has been concern that isolated TECs may lose their special phenotype once they are dissociated from tumor cells. In this study, we have successfully purified murine TECs from four different human tumor xenografts and NECs from murine dermal tissue. Isolated ECs expressed endothelial markers, such as CD31, VE-cadherin (CD144), and endoglin (CD105), for more than 3 months after isolation. TECs maintained tumor endothelial-specific markers, such as tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) and aminopeptidase N (APN), as in tumor blood vessels in vivo. In addition, TECs were more proliferative and motile than NECs. TECs showed a higher response to VEGF and higher expression of VEGF receptors-1 and -2 than NECs did. Stem cell antigen-1 was up-regulated in all four TECs, suggesting that they have a kind of stemness. Cultured TECs maintain distinct biological differences from NECs as in vivo. In conclusion, it was suggested that TECs are relevant material for tumor angiogenesis research.

Pathological characteristics and clinical course of bladder tumour developing after nephroureterectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the pathological features and clinical course of intravesical recurrence after nephroureterectomy (NU) for upper urinary tract (UUT) cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 325 patients undergoing NU with bladder cuff excision for UUT cancer, in this retrospective multi-institutional study we evaluated 113 who developed bladder tumour after NU. Excluding patients with (i) perioperative systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy for UUT cancer; (ii) a history of previous or synchronous bladder cancer at the time of NU; (iii) distant metastasis at the time of NU; (iv) a follow-up of <1 year after the initial bladder cancer recurrence; or (v) missing data, 74 patients were included in this study. We compared the pathology between UUT cancer and the first bladder cancer recurrence, using Fisher's exact test. Further intravesical recurrence and bladder cancer progression was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with the log-rank test used to assess significance. A Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The grade of the first bladder cancer recurrence strongly correlated with that of the UUT tumour (P < 0.001) and the carcinoma in situ (CIS) lesion with the first bladder cancer recurrence correlated with high grade (grade 3) UUT tumour (P < 0.001). In all, 56 of the assessable 70 patients further developed intravesical recurrence at a median interval of 7 months after the first bladder cancer recurrence. There were no clinicopathological factors that predicted the second recurrence. Progression occurred in 14 patients, at a median interval of 25 months. A CIS lesion with the first bladder cancer recurrence was a risk factor for progression on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of the patients who developed bladder tumour after NU had further intravesical recurrence, which indicated its refractory nature. Especially when a CIS lesion is detected in the initial intravesical recurrence, a careful follow-up is mandatory to detect bladder cancer progression.

Cytogenetic abnormalities of tumor-associated endothelial cells in human malignant tumors.

Tumor blood vessels are thought to contain genetically normal and stable endothelial cells (ECs), unlike tumor cells, which typically display genetic instability. Yet, chromosomal aberration in human tumor-associated ECs (hTECs) in carcinoma has not yet been investigated. Here we isolated TECs from 20 human renal cell carcinomas and analyzed their cytogenetic abnormalities. The degree of aneuploidy was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome 7 and chromosome 8 DNA probes in isolated hTECs. In human renal cell carcinomas, 22-58% (median, 33%) of uncultured hTECs were aneuploid, whereas normal ECs were diploid. The mechanisms governing TEC aneuploidy were then studied using mouse TECs (mTECs) isolated from xenografts of human epithelial tumors. To investigate the contribution of progenitor cells to aneuploidy in mTECs, CD133(+) and CD133(-) mTECs were compared for aneuploidy. CD133(+) mTECs showed aneuploidy more frequently than CD133(-) mTECs. This is the first report showing cytogenetic abnormality of hTECs in carcinoma, contrary to traditional belief. Cytogenetic alterations in tumor vessels of carcinoma therefore can occur and may play a significant role in modifying tumor- stromal interactions.

Survival and prognostic classification of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of bone.

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively analyzed the survival of renal cell carcinoma patients with bone metastases, and identified prognostic factors and a model predictive for survival in these patients. METHODS: Fifty patients with renal cell carcinoma with osseous metastases were treated at Hokkaido University Hospital between 1980 and 2004. The relationship between several clinical features and survival was examined univariately. The Cox proportional hazards model was then used to form a multivariate model. RESULTS: The median survival time from the diagnosis of bone metastasis was 12 mo, and overall survival at 2 yr was 37%. Clinical features correlated with longer survival in the multivariate analysis were a long interval (24 mo or more) between the diagnosis of kidney cancer and that of osseous metastasis (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.608; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.031-6.599) and the absence of extraosseous metastases (HR: 2.523; 95%CI, 1.023-6.220). By combining these two favorable factors, renal cell carcinoma patients with osseous metastases could be categorized into two different groups. The median time to death in 20 patients with zero favorable factors (poor prognosis) was 5 mo. On the other hand, 30 patients had one or two favorable factors (good prognosis); the median survival time in this group was 30 mo. There was a significant difference in survival duration between the two groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Two prognostic factors predicting survival were identified and used to categorize renal cell carcinoma patients with bone metastasis into two prognostic groups.