Acute kidney injury is more common in hospitalised children with sickle cell anaemia in Africa.

AIM: To document the prevalence, severity, hospital outcome and factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalised children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). METHODS: In this prospective observational study involving children aged 0.5-17 years with SCA requiring hospitalisation, we used serum creatinine level at 0 and 48 h of hospitalisation to determine the presence of AKI. RESULTS: The study involved 155 children with SCA aged 0.5-17 years with a median (interquartile range) age of 7.8 (4.3-11.0) years. Acute kidney injury occurred in 27 (17.4%) children with 33.3% reaching stage 3. Hepatomegaly (81.5% vs. 55.4%; p = 0.015), splenomegaly (33.3% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.003), dipstick proteinuria (22.2% vs. 5.4%; p = 0.004), and hematuria (29.6% vs. 3.1%; p = <0.001) were more common in those with AKI. In contrast, children with AKI had lower haematocrit (16.9% vs. 22.2%; p = <0.001) and serum bicarbonate (16.7 vs. 19.1 mmoL/L; p = 0.010) compared with those without AKI. Those with AKI had longer hospital stay (median [interquartile range]: 7 [4-12] days vs. 4 [3-6] days; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: AKI is common among hospitalised children with AKI and is associated with longer hospital stay.

Cholelithiasis in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: Experience in a resource-limited setting.

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) remains prevalent in Nigeria and can be complicated by cholelithiasis even in children. There is still a dearth of knowledge about the occurrence of cholelithiasis in these children. The present study is aimed to determine the prevalence of cholelithiasis in pediatric SCD in Lagos and documents relevant socio-demographic and clinical correlates. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of children and adolescents aged 1-19 years with SCD attending the Paediatric Haematology Clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. One hundred and forty-seven children were consecutively recruited into the study over 3 months and they all had sonographic examination of the gall bladder. The association between cholelithiasis, sociodemographic data, clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters, and the use of hydroxyurea was also documented. Results: The median age (range) of the study participants was 9.0 (1-19) years and majority were males (59.9%). The prevalence of cholelithiasis was 13.6% and the condition was most prevalent in adolescents (21.4%) compared to the younger children (6.5%). All the children with cholelithiasis were asymptomatic. Age and the frequency of crisis were significantly associated with cholelithiasis on multivariate analysis (P = 0.03, 0.045, respectively). The use of hydroxyurea was not significantly related to the occurrence of cholelithiasis. Conclusion: The prevalence of cholelithiasis observed in this study is high. Routine screening of older children and adolescents with SCD, especially with the frequent crisis is suggested. Longitudinal studies to establish the relationship between hydroxyurea and cholelithiasis is also advocated.

Résumé Contexte: La drépanocytose (SCD) reste répandue au Nigéria et peut être compliquée par une cholélithiase même chez les enfants. Il y a encore un manque de connaissances sur la survenue de la cholélithiase chez ces enfants. La présente étude vise à déterminer la prevalence de la cholélithiase dans la drépanocytose pédiatrique à Lagos et documente les corrélats sociodémographiques et cliniques pertinents. Sujets et méthodes: ce était une étude transversale menée auprès d'enfants et d'adolescents âgés de 1 à 19 ans atteints de drépanocytose et fréquentant la clinique d'hématologie pédiatrique de Lagos Hôpital universitaire. Cent quarante-sept enfants ont été recrutés consécutivement dans l'étude pendant 3 mois et ils ont tous eu un examen échographique de la vésicule biliaire. L'association entre cholélithiase, données sociodémographiques, symptômes cliniques, laboratoire paramètres, et l'utilisation de l'hydroxyurée a également été documentée. Résultats: l'âge médian (intervalle) des participants à l'étude était de 9,0 (1­19) ans et la majorité étaient des hommes (59,9%). La prévalence de la cholélithiase était de 13,6% et la maladie était la plus répandue chez les adolescents (21,4%) par rapport aux enfants plus jeunes (6,5%). Tous les enfants atteints de cholélithiase étaient asymptomatiques. L'âge et la fréquence des crises étaient significativement associée à la cholélithiase sur l'analyse multivariée (P = 0,03, 0,045, respectivement). L'utilisation de l'hydroxyurée n'était pas significativement liées à la survenue de cholélithiase. Conclusion: La prévalence de la cholélithiase observée dans cette étude est élevée. Dépistage de routine les enfants plus âgés et les adolescents atteints de SCD, en particulier avec la crise fréquente, sont suggérés. Études longitudinales pour établir la relation entre l'hydroxyurée et la cholélithiase est également préconisée. Mots-clés: Adolescents, enfants, cholélithiase, Nigéria, drépanocytose.

Challenges with medical education in Nigeria in the COVID-19 era.

On March 20th 2020 the Federal Government of Nigeria ordered the closure of all educational institutions, this was inclusive of all medical schools in the country. During the initial phases of this closure, most institutions were at a loss on how to proceed with learning as universities in Nigeria use mainly the didactic lecturing model. As the lockdown progressed it became imperative to the institutions to set up e-learning media for continued instruction of students. It was found that in the institutions with e-learning facilities, the preclinical years remained mostly unaffected by the closure of medical schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while all institutions came to a standstill as regards providing a suitable alternative for clinical exposure. This therein has caused loss of valuable time and a change in the calendar of the school year, making it uncertain as to when the next set of qualified medical professionals will emerge in Nigeria. In this essay, we take a look at medical education in Nigeria, its challenges and progression in the COVID-19 era. We also take a look at the effect of the pandemic on learning and the subsequent interventions introduced to mitigate it.