Association between nondipper behavior and serum calcium in hypertensive patients with mild-to-moderate chronic renal dysfunction.

A nondipping BP pattern has been shown to be predictive of end-organ damage, cardiovascular events, and mortality. The mechanisms of blunted nocturnal BP fall are multifactorial. We assessed whether total corrected serum calcium and ionic calcium (iCa) are associated with a blunted nocturnal BP fall in both treated and untreated hypertensive patients with stages 1-3 of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI). Clinical data and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were obtained in a cohort of 231 essential hypertensive patients. Among the entire cohort, 107 were nondippers and 124 were dippers. Only in nondippers, we found significant correlations between iCa and 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP; r = 0.21, P < .03), diurnal SBP (r = 0.21, P < .03), and 24-hour pulse pressure (PP; r = 0.23, P < .02). The ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) was significantly related with 24-hour PP in both dippers and nondippers after adjusting for age. Both AASI and 24-hour PP were higher in nondippers than in dippers. In addition, in nondippers, the prevalence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 was higher than in dippers (50% vs. 33.7%, P < .02). Logistic regression showed that patients with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 had lower risk of nondipper status than patients with eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (odds ratio = 2.445; 95% confidence interval = 1.398-4.277, P < .002). In conclusion, serum iCa could participate in the pathogenesis of nondipping pattern. Increased large artery stiffness may be a mechanism of the deleterious influence of nondipping on cardiovascular outcome. Hypertensive subjects with stage 3 of NKF KDOQI had a greater loss of circadian BP rhythm than those in stages 1 and 2.

Asociación entre el comportamiento non-dipper de la presión arterial y las fracciones del calcio sérico en pacientes hipertensos con disfunción renal crónica leve a moderada / Association between non-dipper blood pressure behavior and serum calcium fractions in hypertensive patients with mild to moderate chronic renal dysfunction

Objetivos: Determinar asociación entre calcio total sérico y calcio iónico, con las determinaciones del MAPA en pacientes hipertensos en estadios 1-3 de enfermedad renal crónica. Métodos: se incluyeron 231 pacientes hipertensos. Resultados: En non dippers la prevalencia de Clcr <60 mL/ min/1,73 m2 fue mayor que en dippers (p < 0,02). El análisis de covarianza mostró que en estadío 3 de K/DOQI el Cat fue menor en non-dippers que en dippers (9,03 ± 0,66 vs 9,41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0,02). En non-dippers hubo correlaciones significativas entre Cai y PAS 24 hs (r = 0,21, p < 0,03), PAS diurna 24 hs.(r=0,21, p<0,03) y PP 24 hs (r = 0,23; P < 0,02). Los non dippers tuvieron una mayor prevalencia del tercilo mas elevado de PP 24 horas que dippers. Los pacientes con Clcr > 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 tienen menor riesgo de presentar comportamiento non dipper que pacientes con (Clcr<60 mL/min/1,73 m2 (OR 2,445, IC 95% 1,398-4,277, p < 0,002). Conclusiones: los hipertensos en estadio 3 de K/DOQI tienen una mayor alteración de ritmo circadiano de PA que aquéllos en estadías 1-2. La alta prevalencia de non dipper en estadio 3 K/ DOQI sugiere que aun en disfunción renal moderada este patrón circadiano es común. Se puede especular que el Cai tiene un rol en patogénesis de alteración en descenso fisiológico nocturno de PA. El aumento de rigidez arterial puede ser un mecanismo significativo por el que comportamiento non dipper ejerce su influencia deletérea sobre evolución cardiovascular y renal de pacientes con ERC.(AU)

Objectives: To determine the association between total serum calcium (tCa) and ionic calcium (tCa), with MAPA measurements in hypertensive patients with early renal failure. Methods: 231 hypertensive patients stages 1-3 of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were included. 24 Hr arterial pressure (AP) was determined by MAPA. Results: in non-dippers, the prevalence of Cr.Cl. <60 ml/mins/1.73 m2 was greater than in dippers (p<0.02). Covariance analysis showed that in stage 3 of K/DOQI, tCa was less in non-dippers than dippers (9.03 ± 0.66 vs. 9.41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0.02). In non-dippers, there were significant correlations between iCa and 24 hr- systolic AP (SAP)(r = 0.21, p < 0.03), diurnal SAP (r=0.21, p<0.03) and 24hr-PP(r = 0.23; p < 0,02). Non- dippers showed a greater prevalence of the 24 Hr-PP in the highest tertile than dippers. Patients with Cr.Cl. 2::60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 have less propensity to present non-dipper patterns than patients with Clcr<60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 (OR 2.44, IC 95% 1.39-4.27, p < 0.002). Conclusions: Hypertensive patients in K/ DOQIs stage 3 present a greater alteration of APs circadian rhythm than those on stages 1-2. High prevalence of non-dippers in K/DOQIs stage 3 suggests that even in moderate renal dysfunction, this circadian pattern is common. We can speculate that iCa has a role in the pathogenesis of disturbances in the nocturnal physiological drop of AP. The Increase in arterial stiffness can be an irnportant mechanism by which the non-dipper pattern exerts its deleterious influence on cardiovascular and renal evolution of patients with CKD.(AU)

Asociación entre el comportamiento non-dipper de la presión arterial y las fracciones del calcio sérico en pacientes hipertensos con disfunción renal crónica leve a moderada / Association between non-dipper blood pressure behavior and serum calcium fractions in hypertensive patients with mild to moderate chronic renal dysfunction

Objetivos: Determinar asociación entre calcio total sérico y calcio iónico, con las determinaciones del MAPA en pacientes hipertensos en estadios 1-3 de enfermedad renal crónica. Métodos: se incluyeron 231 pacientes hipertensos. Resultados: En non dippers la prevalencia de Clcr <60 mL/ min/1,73 m2 fue mayor que en dippers (p < 0,02). El análisis de covarianza mostró que en estadío 3 de K/DOQI el Cat fue menor en non-dippers que en dippers (9,03 ± 0,66 vs 9,41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0,02). En non-dippers hubo correlaciones significativas entre Cai y PAS 24 hs (r = 0,21, p < 0,03), PAS diurna 24 hs.(r=0,21, p<0,03) y PP 24 hs (r = 0,23; P < 0,02). Los non dippers tuvieron una mayor prevalencia del tercilo mas elevado de PP 24 horas que dippers. Los pacientes con Clcr > 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 tienen menor riesgo de presentar comportamiento non dipper que pacientes con (Clcr<60 mL/min/1,73 m2 (OR 2,445, IC 95% 1,398-4,277, p < 0,002). Conclusiones: los hipertensos en estadio 3 de K/DOQI tienen una mayor alteración de ritmo circadiano de PA que aquéllos en estadías 1-2. La alta prevalencia de non dipper en estadio 3 K/ DOQI sugiere que aun en disfunción renal moderada este patrón circadiano es común. Se puede especular que el Cai tiene un rol en patogénesis de alteración en descenso fisiológico nocturno de PA. El aumento de rigidez arterial puede ser un mecanismo significativo por el que comportamiento non dipper ejerce su influencia deletérea sobre evolución cardiovascular y renal de pacientes con ERC.

Objectives: To determine the association between total serum calcium (tCa) and ionic calcium (tCa), with MAPA measurements in hypertensive patients with early renal failure. Methods: 231 hypertensive patients stages 1-3 of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were included. 24 Hr arterial pressure (AP) was determined by MAPA. Results: in non-dippers, the prevalence of Cr.Cl. <60 ml/mins/1.73 m2 was greater than in dippers (p<0.02). Covariance analysis showed that in stage 3 of K/DOQI, tCa was less in non-dippers than dippers (9.03 ± 0.66 vs. 9.41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0.02). In non-dippers, there were significant correlations between iCa and 24 hr- systolic AP (SAP)(r = 0.21, p < 0.03), diurnal SAP (r=0.21, p<0.03) and 24hr-PP(r = 0.23; p < 0,02). Non- dippers showed a greater prevalence of the 24 Hr-PP in the highest tertile than dippers. Patients with Cr.Cl. 2::60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 have less propensity to present non-dipper patterns than patients with Clcr<60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 (OR 2.44, IC 95% 1.39-4.27, p < 0.002). Conclusions: Hypertensive patients in K/ DOQI's stage 3 present a greater alteration of AP's circadian rhythm than those on stages 1-2. High prevalence of non-dippers in K/DOQI's stage 3 suggests that even in moderate renal dysfunction, this circadian pattern is common. We can speculate that iCa has a role in the pathogenesis of disturbances in the nocturnal physiological drop of AP. The Increase in arterial stiffness can be an irnportant mechanism by which the non-dipper pattern exerts its deleterious influence on cardiovascular and renal evolution of patients with CKD.

Long-term effects of parathyroidectomy on hypertension prevalence and circadian blood pressure profile in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Our aims were to evaluate the prevalence and outcome of hypertension in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), previously and after follow-up of parathyroidectomy. A group of 46 consecutive patients with sporadic PHPT due to adenoma undergoing surgery were followed an average of 3.5 years (range 36 to 53 months). In 16 nonselected, consecutive parathyroidectomized patients, with normalized biochemical measurements, circadian rhythm of blood pressure was evaluated with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Prevalence of hypertension in PHPT was 54.35%, and there was no significant association of PTH, total and ionic calcium levels with SBP and DBP. During follow-up, none of the patients with presurgical hypertension became normotensive and five of the normotensive patients developed clinical hypertension. In ABPM, 6/11 hypertensive and 3/5 normotensive subjects showed nondipper behavior. Serum total calcium was significantly related to night-time systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.620, P < 0.02), and night-time diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = 0.758, P < 0.002). In dippers, creatinine clearance was significantly higher (91.3 +/- 18.5 vs. 64.3 +/- 11.5 ml/min, P < 0.01), while serum total calcium was lower (2.42 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.23 +/- 0.17 mmol/L, P < 0.04) than in nondippers. In conclusion, our results suggest that parathyroidectomy has little effect on hypertension prevalence. Renal impairment, a condition that did not improve after parathyroidectomy, may be a causal factor of hypertension in PHPT. Also, the high prevalence of nondipper behavior in hypertensive and normotensive subjects after parathyroidectomy, suggests that target organ risk persists. We hypothesized that slight elevations of serum total calcium even in the normal range could be involved in the alteration of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure.

A comparison of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio as indicators of hypertension risk in an urban Argentine population: a hospital-based study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To examine the relationship between 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and three commonest anthropometric measurements for obesity [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR)] in patients with essential hypertension never treated or after a 3 week placebo period, living in Buenos Aires. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional survey among outpatients at the Hypertension Program of Buenos Aires University Hospital de Clinicas. Three-hundred seventy-seven essential hypertensives, aged 18-86 years, of either sex, were consecutively recruited. All subjects underwent 24 h ABPM performed with a blood pressure (BP) device. The prevalence of overweight-obesity was 56.76% in women and 75.86% in men. High WHR prevalence in non-obese women was 4.5% and 4.1% in non-obese men while high values of WC were observed in 3.0% of non-obese women and in 0% of non-obese men. The two-way ANCOVA showed that in women with high values of WHR, 24 h DBP was higher in those with BMI<25 than in those with BMI> or =25. Those females with a BMI> or =25 had a higher prevalence of top tertile values of PP (> or =68 mmHg) (P<0.05) than non-obese females. Only in women was mean pulse pressure (PP) significantly correlated with age (r=0.38; P<0.0001), WC (r=0.22; P<0.005), WHR (r=0.21, P<0.008), and BMI (r=0.20; P<0.01) while in men there was no significant correlation between variables. Logistic regression showed that the odds of morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) increased with age, central obesity (represented by high WHR and dipper status), while the odds of higher mean PP increased with age and high WHR. CONCLUSION: These results indicated a high prevalence of overweight-obesity (more than 56% of women and 75% of men) in our hospital-based sample of essential hypertension and that the WHR offers additional information beyond BMI and WC to predict the hypertension risk according to the ABPM.

[Kinetics of zooplankton in an aquatic continuum: from the Marne River and reservoir to the Seine estuary]. / Cinétique du zooplancton dans un continuum aquatique: de la Marne et son réservoir à l'estuaire de la Seine.

A study was carried out within a 700-km river sector, including three types of ecosystems (a reservoir, a river and its estuary) to characterise the major features of zooplankton communities in the Seine Basin. In rivers, zooplankton biomass becomes significant only when the growth rate of the organisms is higher than the dilution rate (4-5th orders rivers, according to River Continuum Concept). Upstream, short residence times favour the development of small species (Rotifers) with low individual body weight and biomass. Conversely, larger species (microcrustaceans) develop more downstream, where increased residence time leads to autochthonous production (Riverine Productivity Model). Such a pattern is greatly modified by human impact. Zooplankton input from the Marne reservoir represents one type of disruption in the general upstream-downstream trend (according to the Serial Discontinuity Concept). This reservoir is a source of microcrustaceans; they rapidly disappear mainly through fish predation, and therefore have little impact on the river phytoplankton. Discontinuities, such as confluences, have a relatively small effect on the stock of zooplankton with regard to the water release from the reservoir, but they persist more downstream, because they have the same lotic origin. A few microhabitats with macrophytes play a small role for this canalised river, but they can modify locally the plankton community structure and composition. As a whole, the flux of zooplankton rises exponentially, whereas discharge increases linearly from upstream (4th order) to downstream (8th order). In the canalised sectors, Dreissena larvae build up an important biomass, adding to that of the zooplankton sensu stricto. Especially abundant in the downstream sector of the Marne and Seine Rivers, the larvae show a widespread colonisation of the benthic substrates by the adult Dreissena. One of the largest mussel colonies in the middle estuary can contribute to a rapid decrease of zooplankton. Estuary ecosystems form a transitional zone between freshwater and seawater, with zooplankton dynamics closely linked to the particular conditions on this part of the river system.

Hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial y perfil lipídico en hipertensos normoponderales y obesos / Hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and lipid profile in lean and overweight hypertensives

Para determinar si el grado de sobrepeso afecta la relación insulinemia/presión arterial, se estudió una población de hipertensos esenciales varones, dividida en tres grupos de acuerdo con su índice de masa corporal (IMC) (alto, mediano y bajo). Se midió el índice antropométrico y se efectuó un monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial de 24 horas. Se realizó una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG) (75 g), determinando los niveles de insulinemia, glucemia y relación insulinemia/glucemia. Se efectuó un perfil lipídico. No hubo correlaciones significativas entre la presión arterial y los niveles de insulinemia. Los niveles de insulinemia durante la PTOG de los pacientes con IMC alto y mediano fueron más elevados que en los de bajo IMC. El grupo con IMC alto tuvo niveles de colesterol-HDL inferiores y de triglicéridos superiores a los del grupo con IMC bajo; la relación colesterol total/colesterol-HDL fue significativamente más elevada en el grupo con IMC alto que en el de IMC mediano. En el grupo total, los dippers tuvieron menor IMC, PAS casual, PAS y PAD promedios de 24 horas, PAS durante el día y producto FC-PAS promedio de 24 horas que en los non-dippers. El análisis de los resultados sugiere que la hipertensión arterial y el sobrepeso tienen efectos aditivos sobre la hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, y que el sobrepeso se asocia con una menor caída nocturna de la presión arterial que la observada en los hipertensos normoponderales (AU)

Hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial y perfil lipídico en hipertensos normoponderales y obesos / Hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and lipid profile in lean and overweight hypertensives

Para determinar si el grado de sobrepeso afecta la relación insulinemia/presión arterial, se estudió una población de hipertensos esenciales varones, dividida en tres grupos de acuerdo con su índice de masa corporal (IMC) (alto, mediano y bajo). Se midió el índice antropométrico y se efectuó un monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial de 24 horas. Se realizó una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG) (75 g), determinando los niveles de insulinemia, glucemia y relación insulinemia/glucemia. Se efectuó un perfil lipídico. No hubo correlaciones significativas entre la presión arterial y los niveles de insulinemia. Los niveles de insulinemia durante la PTOG de los pacientes con IMC alto y mediano fueron más elevados que en los de bajo IMC. El grupo con IMC alto tuvo niveles de colesterol-HDL inferiores y de triglicéridos superiores a los del grupo con IMC bajo; la relación colesterol total/colesterol-HDL fue significativamente más elevada en el grupo con IMC alto que en el de IMC mediano. En el grupo total, los dippers tuvieron menor IMC, PAS casual, PAS y PAD promedios de 24 horas, PAS durante el día y producto FC-PAS promedio de 24 horas que en los non-dippers. El análisis de los resultados sugiere que la hipertensión arterial y el sobrepeso tienen efectos aditivos sobre la hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, y que el sobrepeso se asocia con una menor caída nocturna de la presión arterial que la observada en los hipertensos normoponderales