Chlorogenic acid mitigates potassium dichromate-induced acute hepato-nephrotoxicity by attenuating the NF-κB signalling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is known to be a potentially hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic contaminant in humans and other animals, whose toxicity is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA), which has known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, on potassium dichromate (PDC)-induced acute hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-six Wistar albino rats were treated with CGA (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and/or PDC (15 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) as a single dose. Serum, liver, and kidney tissues were examined biochemically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically. Compared to the control group, a significant increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and a significant decrease in serum and renal reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, liver catalase (CAT), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) levels were observed in the PDC group. The administration of PDC led to histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in rat liver and kidney tissues. With the administration of CGA, especially at the 10 mg/kg dosage, the above-mentioned parameters approached normal levels. CONCLUSIONS: CGA had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that alleviated PDC-induced acute hepato- and nephrotoxicity.

Investigation of the protective effect of resveratrol in an MK-801-induced mouse model of schizophrenia.

Increasing evidence supports the view that oxidative stress and brain demyelination play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Resveratrol is a powerful antioxidant with neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of resveratrol on schizophrenia-like behaviors and possible brain demyelination induced by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, and the underlying neuroprotective mechanism. Resveratrol (40 mg/kg/day/, intraperitoneal) was administered to mice for 14 days. MK-801 (1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) was injected into the mice 4 h after the resveratrol administration for 14 days. The open-field and elevated-plus maze tests were performed to detect behavior changes on the 15th day. Following the behavioral tests, the expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP) was measured with the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method, while total oxidant capacity (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAS), which are the biomarkers of oxidative damage, were measured with the ELISA method. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was also used to identify stereological and pathological changes in the brain. According to the results obtained, this study showed for the first time that resveratrol prevented glial cell infiltration induced in the brain by MK-801 and shrinkage of nerve cell nuclei in the hippocampus and corpus callosum. However, the resveratrol administrations did not correct behavioral disorders and demyelination of schizophrenia. Although resveratrol partially prevented oxidative damage in the brain in the mice that were injected with MK-801, it was determined that this effect was not statistically significant. These results showed that resveratrol administration partially protects tissues against MK-801-induced neurodegeneration, and resveratrol may be used in combination with different antioxidants or at different doses in future studies.

Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on MK-801-induced testicular oxidative stress in mice.

Experimental studies indicate that MK-801 causes organ injury in schizophrenic mice testes although it is molecular mechanism has not been clearly defined. In this study, we investigated the probable protective effect of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) against MK-801- induced testicular toxicity in mice. In total, 24 Balb/C male mice were divided into 4 equal groups: the animals in the control group (vehicle treated) were intraperitoneally given 10 mL/kg/day saline solution, the animals in the experiment groups were intraperitoneally given 1 mg/kg/day MK-801 alone, 100 mg/kg/day NAC alone and MK-801 by 1 mg/kg/day for 14 days. The level of the testes' total oxidant status (TOS) in mice that were treated with MK-801 was significantly higher than those level in the other groups while the total antioxidant status (TAS) levels decreased. In comparison to the MK-801 group, the TOS levels were lower, and the TAS levels increased in the MK-801 + NAC group. In the morphometric analysis, the diameter and epithelial height of the seminiferous tubules of the testes showed no significant changes after MK-801 administration. Conversely, the weights of the testes decreased significantly. In the treatment with NAC, the weights of testes significantly increased in comparison to the MK-801 group. The histopathological examination revealed necrobiotic and degenerative changes in the epithelial cells, vacuole formation within the seminiferous tubules, a decrease in the number of the spermatozoid, and disorganization in the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules in the MK-801 group in comparison to the control group. Administration of NAC alleviated several negative effects of MK-801 on the testicular damage in mice. In conclusion, our results showed that NAC protected the mice against the testicular toxicity of MK-801 when it was administrated intraperitoneally.

Histological evaluation of the effects of borax obtained from various sources in different rat organs / Evaluación histológica de los efectos del borax obtenido de diversas fuentes en diferentes órganos de rata

Boron is an essential element for life and intake via different sources into the body. Because effects of boron and compounds on the body has not been studied enough especially in tissue level, we planned this study to evaluate the effects of borax the most intaken form of boron compound on different intraabdominal organs histologically and also clinically. 42 male rats divided into equal 7 groups and different toxicological doses consistent with its LD50 dose (5000 mg/kg/d) were administered by gavage except control and sham groups. In the study, 2 different kinds of borax one of which was produced for research and the other for agriculture but the same formulation, were used and their effects were also compared. As a result it was found that borax did not cause any histological changes in kidney, large intestine, liver and stomach in lower doses. But if doses were increased, a slightly inflammatory cell migration was detected without clinical signs in liver and large intestine. However, when a single very high dose of borax was administered, very high edema, inflammatory cell migration and neovascularization was observed and clinically 2 out of 6 rats died within 5 hours. We suggested that very high dose intake of borax may cause sudden death and also during long periods and higher dose intake may pave the way of inflammatory bowel diseases. At the same time, in boron related studies we advice that the kind of boron and also their source should be evaluated carefully and the most suitable compound should be chosen in case of faulty results.

El boro es un elemento esencial para la vida e ingresa a través de diferentes fuentes al cuerpo. Dado que los efectos del boro y sus compuestos en el cuerpo no se han estudiado lo suficiente, especialmente a nivel tisular, se planificó este estudio para evaluar sus efectos y la forma de consumo más común del compuesto de boro sobre diferentes órganos intraabdominales a nivel histológico y clínico. Cuarenta y dos ratas macho divididas en 7 grupos, con diferentes dosis toxicológicas de acuerdo con su dosis DL50 (5000 mg/kg/d) administradas por sonda, excepto en los grupos control y simulado. En el estudio fueron usados 2 tipos diferentes de boro, uno producido para la investigación y el otro para la agricultura, pero de la misma formulación, y sus efectos fueron comparados. Se encontró que el boro no causó cambios histológicos en el riñón, intestino grueso, hígado y estómago en dosis bajas. Sin embargo, al aumentar la dosis, se detectó una leve migración de células inflamatorias, sin signos clínicos, en el hígado e intestino grueso. Por otra parte, cuando se administró una sola dosis muy alta de boro, se observó un amplio edema, migración de células inflamatorias y neovascularización; clínicamente 2 de 6 ratas murieron dentro de 5 horas. Sugerimos que la ingesta de dosis muy altas de bórax pueden causar la muerte súbita, además la ingesta de dosis altas y durante periodos de tiempo prolongado puede causar enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino. Es recomendable que en los estudios relacionados con el boro, el tipo de boro así como su fuente sean evaluados cuidadosamente, eligiendo el compuesto más adecuado en caso de resultados erróneos.

The volume prediction on the experimental design hippocampus using stereological method.

The application of stereologic techniques to the analysis of the nervous system has greatly contributed to the evaluation of the normal and pathological anatomy of the aging brain. Currently, the hippocampus still holds secrets about the aging process. Experimental researches on hippocampus morphology may contribute to the future researches. This study presents the volume and weight of left hippocampus using a stereological technique on light microscope. The mean weight of the encephalon without cerebellum was 6.1 ± 0.1 g. The mean weight and the volume of the hippocampus were (mean ± SD) 0.28 ± 0.02 g and 0.28 ± 0.02 cm3, respectively. The mean coefficient of error for the stereological volume estimation of the hippocampus was 0.03. The individual volume estimation of the subjects may be achieved by the Cavalieri method. Investigators believed that the findings and the applied technique in this study may be useful for clinicians.

Effect of photoperiod and melatonin on volume and cellular parameters of testis in pinealectomized rats / Efecto del fotoperiodo y la melatonina sobre el volumen y parámetros celulares de los testículos en ratas pinealectomizadas

Mammalian reproductive axis is regulated by the combination of three fundamental tissues of neuroendocrine system including hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonads. In recent years, pineal gland has been included in this axis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12L (Light):12D (Dark) photoperiod and melatonin administration (0.5 mg/kg/day; subcutaneously) on testicular volume and cellular parameters of testis at the pinealectomized (PE) rats. For this aim, twelve adult rats were firstly pinealectomized and then divided into two groups as GI and GII randomly. The GI rats served as control group and received only normal saline, whereas GII rats were the melatonin administered group. It was found that the total testicular volume, diameter and epithelial height of seminiferous tubules and number and nuclear diameter of the interstitial cells of the testes were increased in the GII. However, increase in the interstitial cell number was not found statistically significant among groups. In conclusion, it was observed that the 12L:12D photoperiod and doses of melatonin given increased the investigated parameters in PE rats.

El eje reproductivo de los mamíferos está regulado por la combinación de tres tejidos fundamentales del sistema neuroendocrino, incluyendo el hipotálamo, hipófisis y las gónadas. En los últimos años, la glándula pineal se ha incluido en este eje. El objetivo fue investigar el efecto del fotoperíodo 12L (Luz):12O (oscuridad) y la administración de melatonina (0,5 mg/kg/día, vía subcutánea) sobre el volumen testicular y los parámetros celulares del testículo en ratas pinealectomizadas (RP). Doce ratas adultas fueron pinealectomizadas y divididas en dos grupos, GI y GII de manera aleatoria. Las ratas del GI sirvieron como grupo de control y recibieron sólo solución salina normal, mientras que a las ratas del GII se les administró melatonina. Se encontró que el volumen total, diámetro y altura del epitelio de los túbulos seminíferos de los testículos, y el número y diámetro nuclear de las células intersticiales se incrementaron en el GII. Sin embargo, el aumento en el número de las células intersticiales no fue significativo entre los grupos. En conclusión, se observó que el fotoperíodo 12L:12O y la dosis administrada de melatonina aumentan los parámetros investigados en RP.

Morphological, stereological and histometrical assessment of the testicular parameters between holstein and simmental bulls / Evaluación morfológica, estereológica e histométrica de los parámetros testiculares entre toros holstein y simmental

The testicular measurement is important criteria for experimental researches especially in toxicological studies and the prediction of spermatogenesis. In light of this knowledge, we aimed to estimate and compare these parameters in two different kinds of cattle breeds. The gross anatomical measurements were performed by vernier caliper, volume of the testis was estimated by Cavalieri method and seminiferous tubule diameter was measured on the histological sections by software-loaded computer attached to microscope. The mean testis weight, length, width, volume, and tubule diameter of the Simmental bulls and the Holstein bulls measured as 316 g, 12.1 cm, 6.9 cm, 295 cm3 and 226.68 um and 299 g, 12.1 cm, 6.8 cm, 285 cm3 and 223.44 µm, respectively. In conclusion all investigated parameters were not found statistically important in groups and between the breeds (p>0.05). The authors believed that the obtained data will contribute to the literature and facilitate future research.

La medición testicular es un criterio importante para las investigaciones experimentales sobre todo en los estudios toxicológicos y predicción de la espermatogénesis. El objetivo fue estimar y comparar estos parámetros en dos diferentes tipos de razas de ganado. Las mediciones anatómicas fueron realizadas con un pie de metro, el volumen de los testículos se estimó por el método de Cavalieri y el diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos se midió en las secciones histológicas observadas al microscopio mediante software. La Media del peso testicular, longitud, ancho, volumen y diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos de los toros Simmental fueron 316 g, 12,1 cm, 6,9 cm, 295 cm3 y 226,68 µm y de los toros Holstein fueron 299 g, 12,1 cm, 6,8 cm, 285 cm3 y 223,44 um, respectivamente. En conclusión, todos los parámetros investigados no tuvieron una importante significación en los grupos y entre las razas (p> 0,05). Creemos que los datos obtenidos contribuirán a la literatura y facilitar las futuras investigaciones.