ABSTRACT
The endogenous steroid 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is a metabolite of 17ß-estradiol and its biosynthesis is well established. Moreover, 2-ME is also biosynthesized from estrone. For several years, 2-ME was perceived as an inactive metabolite devoid of any interesting biological activities. Since the late 1980s, a number of biological and pharmacological studies have revealed that 2-ME possesses interesting anti-cancer effects without any undesirable estrogen activity. In particular, the anti-vascular effects and anti-angiogenic activities that 2-ME exhibit, are of great interest and importance, in view of the development of new anti-cancer drugs based on 2-ME. Several clinical trial development programs have been initiated using the steroid 2-ME. In addition, based on the many pharmacological activities reported for 2-ME, but also due to the general interest in total and semi-synthesis of endogenous steroids, several research groups working with organic synthesis have prepared this steroid. Herein, the anti-cancer effects, the results from the clinical trial development programs and the synthetic studies towards 2-ME, are reviewed.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Estradiol/analogs & derivatives , 2-Methoxyestradiol , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Cell Line, Tumor , Clinical Trials as Topic/methods , Estradiol/chemical synthesis , Estradiol/pharmacology , Estradiol/therapeutic use , Humans , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The synthesis, cytotoxicity, inhibition of tubulin polymerization data and anti-angiogenetic effects of seven 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogs and two 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogs of combretastatin A-1 (1) are reported herein. The biological studies revealed that the 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 3-methoxy-6-(1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)benzene-1,2-diol (6), 3-methoxy-6-(1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)benzene-1,2-diamine (8) and 5-(2,3-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (9) were the three most active compounds regarding inhibition of both tubulin polymerization and angiogenesis. Molecular modeling studies revealed that combretastatins 1 and 2 and analogs 5-11 could be successfully docked into the colchicine binding site of α,ß-tubulin.
Subject(s)
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Models, Molecular , Stilbenes/chemistry , Triazoles/chemistry , Tubulin Modulators/chemical synthesis , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemistry , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology , Binding Sites , Cell Line , Humans , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Polymerization/drug effects , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Triazoles/chemical synthesis , Triazoles/pharmacology , Tubulin/chemistry , Tubulin/metabolism , Tubulin Modulators/chemistry , Tubulin Modulators/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Procaspase-activating compound 1, PAC-1, has been introduced as a direct activator of procaspase-3 and has been suggested as a therapeutic agent against cancer. Its activation of procaspase-3 is dependent on the chelation of zinc. We have tested PAC-1 and an analogue of PAC-1 as zinc chelators in vitro as well as their ability to activate caspase-3 and induce cell death in chicken cerebellar granule neuron cultures. These neurons are non-dividing, primary cells with normal caspase-3. The results reported herein show that PAC-1 chelates zinc, activates procaspase-3, and leads to caspase-3-dependent cell death in neurons, as the specific caspase-3-inhibitor Ac-DEVD-cmk inhibited both the caspase-3 activity and cell death. Thus, chicken cerebellar granule neurons is a suitable model to study mechanisms of interference with apoptosis of PAC-1 and similar compounds. Furthermore, the present study also raises concern about potential neurotoxicity of PAC-1 if used in cancer therapy.
