[The pathogenesis of intrauterine infections].

The placenta is a specific organ of extracorporeal immunity. It has a tissue-blood barrier that protects a developing fetus against infectious agents. Owing to this, placental infection is not fatal to a fetus and always falls far short of intrauterine infection. Fetal inflammatory diseases occur in immune defects and placental morphological barrier damages.

[Chronic EBV-infection in children with a high level of anti-H+/K+-ATPhase antibodies in gastric parietal].

We examined 50 children at the age of 4-17 suffering from chronic gastritis. AntiH+/K+-ATPhase antibodies of gastric parietal cells, anti-EBV antibodies IgG EA and IgM VCA were determined with the help of immune-enzyme analysis methods. The first group comprised 28 children with a high level of antiparietal antibodies in the blood serum, and 22 children with a normal level of antiparietal antibodies made up the second group. The HP identification was carried out for all children. Anti-EBV antibodies IgG EA were found in 72% of children, and there were no statistical differences in the frequency and level of antibodies IgG EA. IgM VCA were not found in any of the patients. However, HP-infection was revealed in 64.3% in the first group vs. 22.7% in the second group (p < 0,05); the combination of HB and chronic EBV infection was also more frequent in the first group than in the second group (42.8% and 18.1%, respectively, p < 0,05).

[A virological description of serous meningitis in children immunized with vaccine against epidemic parotitis]. / Virusologicheskaia kharakteristika seroznykh meningitov u detei, immunizirovannykh vaktsinoi protiv épidemicheskogo parotita.

The morbidity structure was analyzed in children vaccinated against epidemic parotitis in 1993-2002. Eight children (4 with serous meningitis and 4 with lesions of the salivary glands) underwent virologic and immunologic examinations. The molecular typing of the SH-gene fragment of the parotitis virus showed the process in 7 cases to be provoked by the vaccination strain. Presumedly, progressing vaccine-associated meningitis inhibits antibody formation. The total incidence of vaccine-associated meningitis was shown, according to Saint Petersburg data, to be not high, which testifies to a low reactogenicity of the Russian vaccine strain.

[New data on the development of complications during epidemiological parotitis in children]. / Novoe v patogeneze razvitiia oslozhnenii pri épidemicheskom parotite u detei.

The main factors in the pathogenesis of complicated parotitis virus infection are increased virus reproduction in the salivary gland, inhibited by the production of alpha-interferon at early stages of the infectious process. Entry of the virus into the CNS is caused by slight penetration of antiparotitis antibodies through the blood-brain barrier and by poor formation of specific immune complexes at the site of primary virus reproduction and in the liquor. Interferon therapy of patients with parotitis virus infection corrects the chain of processes in the pathogenesis. In parotitic meningitis neovir stimulates gamma-interferon, which blocks the synthesis of parotitis antigen in the cell and stimulates (through antibody stimulation) the formation of specific immune complexes released with the saliva in the gland. Viferon is more active in parotitic orchitis due to prolongation of alpha-interferon activity.

[Broadening of the organ specificity of the action of polynucleotide interferon inducers]. / Rasshirenie organospetsifichnosti deistviia polinukleotidnykh induktorov interferona.

Interferon titers in the blood and brain of mice and their protection from the herpes virus were compared after the animal exposure to poly(G).poly(C) duplex, both native and modified with cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (II). It was shown that the duplex platination especially at the level of the poly(G) strand resulted in sharp rising of the interferon titers in the extracts of the animal brain and rearrangement of the types of interferon induced in the brain to predominance of gamma-interferon. The interferonogenesis indices correlated with the duplex protective activity against the herpes virus. It was concluded that the platinum binding could increase the membrane specificity of the duplex and stimulate its penetration through the hematoencephalic barrier. Possible structural changes in the duplex under the action of platinum (II) resulting in the observed effect are discussed.

[The use of a modified complement fixation reaction for the rapid diagnosis of viral infections in children]. / Ispol'zovanie modifitsrovannoi reaktsii sviazyvaniia komplementa dlia ékspresssnoi diagnostiki virusnykh infektsii u detei.

A system of diagnostic tests (complement enzyme assay) is developed, detecting viral and other antigens, toxins, antibodies, and specific immune complexes in liquid enzyme immunoassay based on the complement fixation test. The system is simple and economic, the results can be transferred into digital data, and the above factors can be detected individually in biological materials from patients. The system is effective, and in many cases (for example, in the diagnosis of enteroviral diseases) is the only method for rapid isolation and typing of the infection agents.

[Antiviral activity of poly(A)-poly(U) duplexes modified with cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (II)]. / Protivovirusnaia aktivnost' dupleksov poli(A)-poli(U), modifitsirovannykh tsis-diammin-dikhloplatinoi(II).

Polyribonucleotide duplex poly(A).poly(U) was modified with cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (II) (cis-DDP). It was shown that the antiinfluenza protective activity of the modified duplex in mice increased with the degree of modification (rb) rising up to 0.2. The effect was different from that for poly(I).poly(C) and poly(G).poly(C). The interferon titers in the murine brain increased in parallel with increasing of the antiviral activity. It was assumed that the structural specificity of the poly(A).poly(U) duplex was responsible for the phenomenon and that cis-DDP interaction with N(7) atoms of the adenine heterocycles blocked the "abnormal" Hoogsteen pairing of adenines with uracils. As a result the antiviral activity increased because of lowering the quantity of the intramolecular defects and increasing the length of the regular double-stranded regions.

[Antitumor activity of cold-adapted strains of influenza virus in a model transformed murine tumor cells]. / Protivoopukholevaia aktivnost' kholodoadaptirovannykh shtammov virusa grippa na modeli perevivaemykh linii opukholevykh kletok myshei.

Influenza virus suppressed tumor growth after injection to tumor zone in a dose of 7-8 lg EID50, as was shown for two continuous mouse tumor cell strains, Ehrlich's carcinoma and L-1210 lymphoma. Influenza virus strains differed by their antitumor activity which correlated with their interferonogenic activity. Antitumor activity of influenza virus depended on the site of application, dose of the virus, and interferonogenic activity. Virus therapy of tumors stimulated specific cytotoxic activity towards tumor antigens.

[Variants of immune response in children with acute respiratory viral infections]. / Varianty immunnogo otveta pri ostrykh respiratorno-virusnykh infektsiiakh u detei.

Four patterns of changes in the proliferative activity of T-lymphocytes in the lymphocyte blastogenesis test with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) are distinguished in children with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). The differences between these patterns are due to aggravated clinical severity of the infection process and enhancement of the cytokine reaction of macrophage monocytes. Comparison of immunological characteristics of response to ARVI in 4 groups of children showed that high reactivity of T-lymphocytes during the acute phase of disease (first and third variants) correlated with a relatively weak production of immunoglobulins and antiviral antibodies, while the suppression of T-lymphocyte response to PHA (second and fourth variants) is associated with expressed humoral profile of immune response by the level of immunoglobulin and antiviral antibody production. These data permit a hypothesis about the predominant generation of T x 1-like clones in children with the first and third variants of immune response and of T x 2-like clones in children with the second and fourth variants.

[Correctional aspects of anisometropia in railway machine operators]. / Osobennosti korrektsii anizometropii u lits voditel'skogo sostava na zheleznodorozhnom transporte.

The authors assessed occupationally significant visual functions in anisometropy varying in type and degree. Disorders of occupationally significant visual functions depend reliably on anisometropy degree. Correction of anisometropy with recovered vision and binocular functions restores all parameters of night and color vision. Optic and operative correction of anisometropy could be used for rehabilitation of railway machine operators with long length of service. The article provides recommendations to use intraocular lenses for artiphakia in railway machine operators.

[Biological activity of the poly(G).poly(C) complex, modified by divalent platinum compounds]. / Biologicheskaia aktivnost' kompleksa poli(G).poli(C), modifitsirovannogo soedinenimi dvukhvalentnoi platiny.

Modification of poly(G).poly(C) with cys-diaminodichloroplatinum (cys-DDP) at the level of rb = 0.02 increased the in vivo antiviral and interferon-inducing activity of the complex, in contrast to the data reported for complex poly(G).poly(C). Antiinfluenza activity in this case depends on the method of modification and increases more intensively when a ready complex is treated with cys-DDP, as against treatment of poly(G) alone before the formation of a complex with poly(C). If rb is increased, the activity reduces again. Modification with trans-DDP at rb = 0.02 also leads to an increase of antiinfluenza activity of poly(G).poly(C), but mainly after pretreatment of poly(G).

[The biological activity of saparal in an influenzal infection]. / Biologicheskaia aktivnost' saparala pri grippoznoi infektsii.

The antiviral and interferon-inducing activity of saparal, an adaptogen of plant origin, was studied. Tests in experimental mice demonstrated the interferon-inducing activity of saparal providing its antiviral effect. An optimal scheme of saparal administration was developed. The preparation had no direct inhibitory effect on influenza virus replication. The application of saparal for prophylaxis among workers resulted in a 2-fold or greater decrease of influenza and other ARD morbidity and in an increase of endogenous serum interferon level in 67-75% of the persons examined.

[Chronic course of influenza with extrapulmonary involvement]. / O khronicheskom techenii grippa s vnelegochnymi porazheniiami.

Results of the investigation of 265 placentas and 387 necropsies with the use of a wide spectrum of morphological, immunological and virological methods are presented. The existence of extrapulmonary damages, those of placenta (50 observations) and brain (17 observations), is shown. The variants of the influenza infection (persisting, chronic and manifesting) are discussed. The possibilities of a long-term survival of the infectious agent in the long-living brain and placental structures are considered. The proofs are presented showing the secretion by these organs of local factors of non-specific defense such as interferon.

[The astrocyte glia of the brain in herpetic encephalitis in children]. / Astrotsitarnaia gliia golovnogo mozga pri gerpeticheskom éntsefalite u detei.

Astrocytic changes were followed up in the brain of infants who had died of herpetic encephalitis. Neuro-morphological examinations revealed astrocytic structural changes directed to reinforcement of the blood-brain barrier, localization of the infection and, possibly, to inactivation of the virus.

[Infectious placentitis and characterization of the placenta as an immune barrier]. / Infektsionnye platsentity, osobennosti platsenty kak immunnogo bar'era.

Analysis of publications dealing with infectious pathology of placenta is performed. Placentitis of different etiology and different routes of contamination have specific features. The incidence of viral and mycoplasma etiology with intracellular multiplication of the agent is considerably higher than of bacterial or other placentitis with extracellular multiplication. The incidence of placentitis is considerably higher than that of intrauterine infection. Placenta is an organ of immune protection of the organism and is capable to produce both specific and non-specific immunity factors.

[Viral and bacterial associations and their role in the development of bronchopulmonary diseases in children]. / Virusno-bakterial'nye assotsiiatsii i ikh rol' v formirovanii bronkholegochnykh zabolevanii u detei.

Clinical and laboratory criteria for estimating the role of viruses and bacteria that determine bronchopulmonary diseases have been derived. The clinical importance of the detectable microflora, part of which permanently invade the nasopharynx (pneumococcus, adenoviruses) is under critical review. Pneumonias that may develop within the first days of acute respiratory viral infection are characterized by monoviral influenzal or RS-infection; later pneumonias are marked by viral infection with the predominance of adenoviruses. Attempt has been made to reveal the role of geno- and phenotypic factors (N-acetylation, lipid peroxidation, synthesis of alpha-interferon). The data obtained support an assumption about self-regulation of the child's immune system and the adaptation character of responses in mixed infections.

[The role of myxovirus neuraminidase in the interferon induction system]. / Rol' neiraminidazy miksovirusov v sisteme interferonogeneza.

Interaction of myxovirus neuraminidases, in particular, that of influenza virus, with interferon (IFn) was established. When IFn is treated with viral neuraminidases, its antiviral activity tested in tissue culture does not change but it is eliminated from the body by the kidneys much more intensively and is more absorbed by the liver than native IFn. The degree of IFn elimination from the body is directly related to the level of enzymatic activity of viral neuraminidases affecting interferon. The homologous IFn treated with viruses, when inoculated into animals, is less capable than native IFn to protect mice from experimental influenza infection because of its more rapid elimination from the body. The presence of antineuraminidase antibodies in the blood of children slowed down endogenous IFn elimination which alleviates the course of influenza infection.

[Involvement of the afterbirth in influenza]. / O porazhenii posleda pri grippe.

Light- and fluorescence-microscopy examinations of 186 placentas were carried out, with concurrent determination of placental interferon, isolation of influenza virus, and serologic tests of maternal and fetal blood, and amniotic fluid. In 32 of the cases, placentitis caused by serotype A or B of influenza virus was present, characterized by hyperplasia and subsequent destruction of amniotic cells, trophoblast, decidual cells, and vascular endothelium, by the presence of influenza antigens, fuchsinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in the affected cells, and lymphoid infiltrates, and/or by circulatory disturbances. In addition, an interferon possessing properties of viral, immune, and placental interferon was detected in a number of placentas. A or B influenza virus was isolated from 3 placentas. Diagnostic titers of anti-influenza antibody occurred in fetal blood and amniotic fluid samples. The present results indicate that influenza virus may persist and replicate in placental cells.