Muslim Women's Beliefs About Menstruation in Turkey.

This study aimed to determine health, nutrition, religious beliefs, hygiene, and beliefs concerning menstruation of women aged between 18 and 49 years. This research was conducted as a descriptive study in primary health centers in one province in eastern Turkey between 2017 and 2019. The study sample consisted of 742 women. In the research, a questionnaire form that included the sociodemographic characteristics of the women and their thoughts regarding beliefs about their menstrual period was used. The biggest myth about food preparation was that 22% of the women believed that they will spoil food if they are involved in the food canning process while menstruating. The greatest menstrual beliefs about religious belief were that 96.1% of the women felt that it was wrong to have sexual intercourse while menstruating. The biggest beliefs about social life were that 26.5% of the women felt that they cannot have blood drawn while menstruating. The biggest beliefs about cleanliness were 89.8% of the women stated that it was necessary to take a bath at the end of menstruation. Generally, of all menstrual beliefs, opening pickles was highest among all groups. Notably, the second cluster, with a low value for kneading dough and shaving the genital area, showed a better cluster structure.

Frequency of nurse-provided spiritual care: An international comparison.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the frequency of nurse-provided spiritual care across diverse cultures. BACKGROUND: Given an ethical imperative to respect patient spirituality and religiosity, nurses are increasingly taught and expected to provide spiritual care. Although nurses report positive attitudes toward spiritual care, they typically self-report providing it infrequently. Evidence about the reported frequency of spiritual care is constrained by substantial variation in its measurement. DESIGN: This cross-sectional, descriptive study involved secondary analysis of data collected in multiple sites globally using one quantitative instrument. METHODS: Data were collected from practicing nurses using the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale and analysed using descriptive statistics and a meta-analysis procedure with random-effect modelling. Datasets from 16 studies completed in Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Portugal, Taiwan, Turkey and the United States contributed to a pooled sample (n = 4062). STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional observational studies were observed. RESULTS: Spiritual care varied between countries and within countries. It was slightly more frequent within Islamic cultures compared with predominantly Christian cultures. Likewise, frequency of spiritual care differed between nurses in palliative care, predominantly hospital/inpatient settings, and skilled nursing homes. Overall, "Remaining present…" was the most frequent therapeutic, whereas documenting spiritual care and making arrangements for the patient's clergy or a chaplain to visit were among the most infrequent therapeutics. CONCLUSIONS: In widely varying degrees of frequency, nurses around the world provide care that is cognisant of the spiritual and religious responses to living with health challenges. Future research should be designed to adjust for the multiple factors that may contribute to nurses providing spiritual care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Findings offer a benchmark and begin to inform nurse leaders about what may be normative in practice. They also encourage nurses providing direct patient care that they are not alone and inform educators about what instruction future nurses require.

Opinions of nursing and theology faculty students on Xenotransplantation.

BACKGROUND: It is mentioned that students' opinions about xenotransplantation (XTx) have been explored in a limited manner. In particular, there is no literature in Turkey on Nursing and Theology students' perspectives on XTx. This research aimed to find out what Nursing and Theology students thought about XTx. METHODS: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on students studying at the Theology and Nursing faculties. The study population consisted of 2.581 students educated in these faculties. Without using any sampling method, it was aimed to reach all students, and 1.780 (70%) students were reached. Data were collected using a participant identification form and questionnaire form, which the researchers developed. RESULTS: The difference between the answers given by the Nursing and Theology students to the information statements about XTx was statistically significant (p < .001). Nursing and Theology students' attitudes to organ or tissue Tx from halal animals in case of necessity were positive (p < .001). While the nursing students' attitude toward organ or tissue Tx from non-helal animals in case of necessity was negative, Theology students had no idea (p < .001). In other attitude statements, while nursing students responded positively, Theology students responded as "I have no idea" (p ≤ .001). CONCLUSION: Theology students tended to have the question about XTx and only positive attitude towards XTx from halal animals. Nursing students mostly had positive attitude, but negative when XTx is practiced out of necessity.

Turkish Validity-Reliability of Breast Cancer Beliefs Scale and the Effect of Socio-Demographic Factors on Breast Cancer Beliefs.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Breast Cancer Cultural Beliefs Scale for women with breast cancer in Turkish society. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population of this study was composed of patients diagnosed with breast cancer who were treated for cancer in the Adult Chemotherapy Unit. A total of 178 women with breast cancer participated in this study. RESULTS: In order to determine the factor structure of the scale, principal component analysis was performed. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the scale scores. The results explained 62.93% of the total variance of the scale. The result of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test was determined to be 0.813, and that of Bartlett's test was 723.56. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was .74. CONCLUSION: It was determined that the Breast Cancer Cultural Beliefs Scale was a valid and reliable tool for assessing the cultural beliefs of women in Turkey.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the "Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale" in Turkish nurses. METHOD: This study was a psychometric design. A convenience sample of 249 nurses working at the Malatya Training Research Hospital completed a structured questionnaire including demographic characteristics and the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale (NSCTS) between August and October 2018. Principal components analysis, internal consistency reliability, and Cronbach's α were used to measure the psychometric properties of the items of the scale. RESULTS: In the evaluation of construct validity, identified one factor with eigenvalues greater than 1 explained 50.83% of the total variance. The Cronbach's α value of the scale is 0.86. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The present study provides evidence of NSCTS's validity, reliability, and acceptability. The scale can be used by Turkish nurses. This scale should be further evaluated with a larger sample in different regions in Turkey and various populations. The scale has potential applications for use both in research and as a screening tool in clinical settings.

Determining the spiritual well-being of patients with spinal cord injury.

Context/Objective: The present study was designed to determine the spiritual belief levels of patients with spinal cord injury as well as to examine the socio-demographic factors that affect their spiritual beliefs.Design: This study was designed as a descriptive study.Setting: The physical therapy and rehabilitation unit of a city Education and Research hospital.Participants: All patients over the age of 18 years who have had spinal cord injuries.Outcome Measures: Data for the study were collected using a questionnaire and the FACIT-Spiritual Well-Being Scale.Results: People with SCI in the eastern region of Turkey demonstrate moderately high levels of spiritual well-being. A significant correlation was identified between socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, marital status, level of income, status of receiving care, and duration of diagnosis, and the spiritual well-being of patients with spinal cord injury. While previous studies have been conducted in Christian communities, the current study was the first to be conducted in a Turkish (primarily Muslim) community. Therefore, the current study will significantly contribute to the literature an explanation of the spiritual well-being of patients with spinal cord injuries in Muslim communities.Conclusions: Degree of spiritual well-being in Turkey is similar to other regions studied to date. Spiritual well-being is important in coping with the physical, social, economic, and emotional problems experienced by patients after a spinal cord injury. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to support the spiritual needs of their patients.

Demographic characteristics, nutritional behaviors, and orthorexic tendencies of women with breast cancer: a case-control study.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer is one of the most important health problems faced by women. No study was found in the world literature about the eating behavior of women with breast cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether breast cancer patients and healthy controls differ in their orthorexia nervosa levels and to determine any factors that affect orthorexia nervosa (socio-demographic variables and nutritional habits). METHOD: The data were collected using a face-to-face interview technique between May 2018 and March 2019 at outpatient clinics and a family health center in Turkey. The data of the study were collected using personal information form and the Orthorexia Nervosa Scale (ORTO-15). A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the effects of socio-demographic variables and nutritional habits of women on the risk of orthorexia nervosa. RESULTS: Breast cancer patients had significantly lower ORTO-15 scores (i.e., a higher orthorexia risk) than the healthy controls. For the cancer patients, a regression analysis revealed that ORTO-15 scores were significantly associated with education level, organic food consumption status, receipt of social support for care, and presence of a chronic disease other than cancer. In the healthy controls, body mass index and education level were the primary predictors of ORTO-15 scores. CONCLUSION: The higher orthorexia risk of cancer patients has implications for these patients that could be improved through nutritional counseling. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, case-control study.

The correlation of depression with neglect and abuse in individuals over 65 years of age.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation of neglect and abuse with depression in individuals over 65 years of age. DESIGN AND METHODS: This descriptive study included 290 elderly people who were registered at 10 family health centers in Turkey. FINDINGS: It was determined that mental health problems were present in the sample, and elderly individuals were exposed to abuse and neglect. The levels of depression were found to be high in elderly individuals with no spouses, low level of education, low income, living with their children and unable to access personalized care. The depression levels were also found to be high in the elderly individuals who were subjected to abuse and neglect. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Awareness of healthcare professionals is of great importance in preventing abuse and neglect experienced by elderly individuals.

The Effect of Orthorexia Nervosa Levels of Nursing Students and Diet Behaviors and Socio-Demographic Characteristics.

This study was conducted to determine the Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) level in the nursing faculty students and the effective factors. This was a correlational, descriptive study. This study recruited N = 558 student nurses from one university. Questionnaire and the ON Scale were used to collect the data of the study. The descriptive characteristics of the nursing students were stated by the number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, linear and logistic regression analysis were used. This study, only the cut-off point of the Scale (≤33) was used. It was determined that having limited diet, weight satisfaction, gender, and health problems had an effect size of 0.14 on the tendency of the nursing students for the ON behaviors. The study highlights that middle levels of ON identified in the literature are seen in student nurses, and the factors affecting it were investigated.

The Effect of Watson's Care Model on Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Turkish Women.

This study was designed to determine the effect of the care, given according to Watson's model, on depression, stress, and anxiety levels of women who underwent medical abortion. This study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 as a real test model with a pretest-posttest control group. The data were collected by the researcher in women's homes. Watson's model decreased DAS levels of the women in the experimental group after the medical abortion.

The effects of depression, personal characteristics, and some habits on physical activity in the elderly.

PURPOSE: The current study investigated the effects of depression, personal characteristics, and some habits on physical activity levels among the elderly. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study followed a descriptive design. The population of the study consisted of 11 750 individuals at least 65 years old. The sample size of the study was determined to be 967 by power analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic models were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Together, age, the presence of a caregiver, chronic disease, and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score explained 32% of the variance in the physical activity of the elderly. Among these factors, the GDS score alone had the greatest effect. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: To maintain health, it is important to reduce depression and increase physical activity among the elderly.

The Effect of Watson's Human Caring Model on Meaning of Life and Symptom Management in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Watson's Human Caring Model on the meaning of life and symptom management in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. DESIGN: The study was conducted using a real test model featuring a pretest and posttest and a control group. METHODS: The sample consisted of 158 adult cancer patients (79 in both the experimental and control groups). The sample size was determined and the participants were allocated to groups using power analysis and a random sampling method. For the pretest, both groups completed an introductory questionnaire, the Life Attitude Profile, and the General Symptom Inventory. Then, the experimenter visited the experimental group patients' homes three times, at 2-week intervals, to provide nursing care based on Watson's model. Finally, after 8 weeks, a posttest was conducted by having both groups complete the Life Attitude Profile and General Symptom Inventory once again. RESULTS: In the experimental group, the mean total posttest score for the Life Attitude Profile was determined to be 164.21 ± 36.5, and the mean total General Symptom Inventory score was 55.06 ± 13.19; however, in the control group, the mean total Life Attitude Profile score was 127.31 ± 10.61 and the mean total General Symptom Inventory score was 136.91 ± 16.20. The mean differences between the groups were statistically significant (p < .001). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Care based on Watson's model increases the sense of meaning in life and decreases symptom levels for patients undergoing chemotherapy.

The relationship between domestic violence against women and suicide risk.

AIM: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between domestic violence against women and suicide risk. METHODS: The population of the study consisted of married women aged 18 years and over in 10 Family Health Centers located within the boundaries of Yesilyurt Municipality of Malatya Province. The study was completed with 1025 women. In the data collection, a 6-question questionnaire prepared by the researcher upon the literature review, Domestic Violence Scale, and Suicide Probability Scale were used. Percentage distribution, arithmetic mean, independent samples t test, and correlation were used to assess the data. RESULTS: In the study, it was found that domestic violence levels of the women were high and their suicide risks were moderate. A statistically positive correlation was determined between DVS subscale and total mean scores of the women and their suicide risk subscale and total mean scores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the study, it was determined that as the women's exposure to domestic violence increased, their suicide risks also increased. It can be recommended to establish centers for women and organize trainings in order to prevent domestic violence and suicide risk in women.

Comparison of smartphone addiction and loneliness in high school and university students.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare the relationship between the smartphone addiction and loneliness in high school and university students. DESIGN AND METHODS: A correlation and descriptive study from a convenience sample of 1156 high school and university students. Questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction scale, and Short Loneliness scale were used to collect the data of the study. FINDINGS: No relationship was found between the smartphone addiction and loneliness in high school and university students. PRACTICE IMPLACITIONS: It is recommended to organize comprehensive training programs for the students and their families in the school health services.

The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients.

This study was conducted with the purpose of assessing validity and reliability of the System of belief inventory, which was developed to evaluate the System of belief inventory of cancer patients in Turkish society. In the present study, the result of the KMO test was determined to be 0.71, and that of Bartlett's test was 988.269; both tests were observed to be significant at p < 0.001. The Cronbach α reliability coefficient of the System of belief inventory was determined to be 0.98, and the α values of the System of belief inventory subgroups were 0.98-0.93.

Functional evaluation of treatment of chronic disease: Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted for the purpose of adapting the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp) for the Turkish context and determining its validity and reliability. METHOD: In 2016, a convenience sample of 137 cancer patients from Malatya State Hospital completed a structured questionnaire, which provided demographic characteristics, and the FACIT-Sp-12 for patients with cancer. The obtained data were assessed using Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient (α), Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r), factor analysis, Bartlett's test of sphericity, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy. RESULTS: The result of the KMO test was determined to be 0.827 and that of Bartlett's test 988.692, and both were observed to be significant at a level of p < 0.001. The value of Cronbach's α for the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) was determined to be 0.87, and the α values for the SWBS subgroups ranged from 0.78 to 0.93. Our analysis determined that the factors had initial eigenvalues above 1, and that they accounted for 61.61% of the total variance. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Our study determined that the Turkish version of the FACIT-Sp has validity and reliability and can be used in Turkish society. We believe that the scale can be used safely in determining convenient care and in planning individual educational programs to enhance patients' spiritual well-being.

Turkish validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale.

PURPOSE: The aim of this methodological study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale adapted to the Turkish community. METHODS: The study sample was completed with 319 patients who had been diagnosed at least 1 year before and hospitalized in the Malatya Turgut Ozal Health Center and Malatya State Hospital in Turkey. A questionnaire that consists of items on sociodemographic characteristics, drug use and information about the disease of patients and the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale were used for data collection in the study. In reliability analysis of the scale, the Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated and item analysis method was utilized. Factor analysis was used for the construct validity, and Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Rotation method were used for analyzing the factor structures. RESULTS: According to data obtained in the study, item-total correlation of the items of the scale was found to be at an adequate level (0.297-0.803). The scale's Cronbach's α reliability coefficient was found to be 0.86, and there was one factor that explains 52.38% of the total variance with an eigenvalue was greater than 1.0. As a result of the analysis, the factor loadings of the items of the scale were found to be between 0.59 and 0.81. CONCLUSION: Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for determining the self-efficacy of patients and providing a proper care. It can be suggested to investigate and evaluate the consistency of the scale by applying it to broader sample groups representing different socioeconomic levels.

Relationship between depression and loneliness in elderly and examination of influential factors.

This study was planned and conducted for the purpose of examining the relationship between depression and loneliness in elderly people and the influencing factors. The study was a descriptive and correlational study and its population consisted of 17,080 older individuals aged sixty and over who were registered at six Family Healthcare Centers (FHCs) located in the provisional center of Malatya. The sample of the study comprised of 913 elderly people who were chosen from the elderly people registered at the FHCs first by cluster sampling and then by simple random sampling from the clusters in proportion to the population. The data was collected between April and June 2011 using a questionnaire developed by the investigators in line with the literature, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS). They had a mean score of 13.83 ± 7.4 from the GDS and 40.50 ± 12.1 from the ULS. A positive correlation was found between Geriatric Depression and loneliness (r=0.608, p<0.001). It was observed that there was a significant correlation between loneliness and depression in the elderly people living in a community, presence of social security and higher income, on the other hand, led to lower mean scores. In view of these results, it can be advised that a minimum income should be secured for elderly people whether they have social security or not, their families and the society should be trained not to leave elderly people alone.