Reemergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Ethiopia.

We report 4 cases of human African trypanosomiasis that occurred in Ethiopia in 2022, thirty years after the last previously reported case in the country. Two of 4 patients died before medicine became available. We identified the infecting parasite as Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Those cases imply human African trypanosomiasis has reemerged.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of dupilumab versus omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab added to the standard of care in adults with severe asthma in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness studies evaluate health technologies and help choose treatments. The current study compared dupilumab to omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab in Colombian adults with severe uncontrolled type 2 asthma. METHODS: Over a 5-year period, a Markov model was utilized to assess the costs of biological treatments and management of exacerbations, comparing various doses of exacerbations, comparing various doses of dupilumab, omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab as add-on treatments. It included a 5% annual discount rate per local HTA, and set willingness-to-pay at three times GDP per capita per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in Colombia. RESULTS: Dupilumab (200 mg) exhibited greater QALYs and reduced overall costs compared to mepolizumab (100 mg), benralizumab (30 mg), and omalizumab (450 mg and 600 mg), with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALYgained being -$5.429, -$6.269, -$196.567 and -$991.007, respectively. Dupilumab had greater QALYs and costs versus omalizumab 300 mg (ICERof $200.653 per QALY, above the willingness-to-pay threshold of 3 × GDP per capita). Sensitivity analyses were consistent with base case results. CONCLUSIONS: Dupilumab 200 mg was strongly dominant versus omalizumab 450 mg and 600 mg, mepolizumab 100 mg, and benralizumab 30 mg; however, cost-effectiveness was not demonstrated versus omalizumab 300 mg. These results could assist healthcare professionals in choosing an appropriate biologic for treating severe type 2 asthma.

Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in dromedaries in Ethiopia, 2017-2020.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is enzootic in dromedary camels and causes zoonotic infection and disease in humans. Although over 80% of the global population of infected dromedary camels are found in Africa, zoonotic disease had only been reported in the Arabia Peninsula and travel-associated disease has been reported elsewhere. In this study, genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels in Ethiopia were investigated during 2017-2020. Of 1766 nasal swab samples collected, 61 (3.5%) were detected positive for MERS-CoV RNA. Of 484 turbinate swab samples collected, 10 (2.1%) were detected positive for MERS-CoV RNA. Twenty-five whole genome sequences were obtained from these MERS-CoV positive samples. Phylogenetically, these Ethiopian camel-originated MERS-CoV belonged to clade C2, clustering with other East African camel strains. Virus sequences from camel herds clustered geographically while in an abattoir, two distinct phylogenetic clusters of MERS-CoVs were observed in two sequential sampling collections, which indicates the greater genetic diversity of MERS-CoV in abattoirs. In contrast to clade A and B viruses from the Arabian Peninsula, clade C camel-originated MERS-CoV from Ethiopia had various nucleotide insertions and deletions in non-structural gene nsp3, accessory genes ORF3 and ORF5 and structural gene N. This study demonstrates the genetic instability of MERS-CoV in dromedaries in East Africa, which indicates that the virus is still actively adapting to its camel host. The impact of the observed nucleotide insertions and deletions on virus evolution, viral fitness, and zoonotic potential deserves further study.

Feasibility of a genotyping system for the diagnosis of alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency: a multinational cross-sectional analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, strategies for improving alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) diagnosis are needed. Here we report the performance of a multinational multiplex-based genotyping test on dried blood spots and buccal swabs sent by post or courier and with web registration for subjects with suspected AATD in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Spain, and Turkey. METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional analysis of samples from patients with suspected AATD from March 2018 to January 2022. Samples were coded on a web platform and sent by post or courier to the central laboratory in Northern Spain. Allele-specific genotyping for the 14 most common mutations was carried out with the A1AT Genotyping Test (Progenika-Grifols, Spain). SERPINA1 gene sequencing was performed if none of the mutations were found or one variant was detected in heterozygous status and the AAT serum level was < 60 mg/dl, or if requested by the clinician in charge. RESULTS: The study included 30,827 samples: 30,458 (94.7%) with final results after direct genotyping and 369 (1.1%) with additional gene sequencing. Only 0.3% of the samples were not processed due to their poor quality. The prevalence of the most frequent allele combinations was MS 14.7%, MZ 8.6%, SS 1.9%, SZ 1.9%, and ZZ 0.9%. Additionally, 70 cases with new mutations were identified. Family screening was conducted in 2.5% of the samples. Samples from patients with respiratory diseases other than COPD, including poorly controlled asthma or bronchiectasis, also presented AATD mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the viability of this diagnostic system for genotyping AATD conducted simultaneously in different countries. The system has proved satisfactory and can improve the timely diagnosis of AATD.

Exploring the patterns of multisectoral approach in fighting COVID-19 Pandemic in SNNPR, Ethiopia: A qualitative case study approach.

BACKGROUND: Since COVID-19 has been declared as a global pandemic, South Nations, Nationalities People's Region, Ethiopia, has been responding by establishing strong structure. The response against the disease requires consolidated efforts, However, there is paucity of information about the patterns of multisectoral collaboration actions in the region. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of exploring the patterns of multisectoral collaboration against the COVID-19 using a qualitative case study design. Data were collected by key informant interview and document review and analyzed using a content analysis framework focused on case study data analysis. RESULT: The study has indicated a unique perspective in establishing functional multisectoral approach with strong courage and motivation of most involved stakeholder. Almost all stakeholders have shown clear understanding about the multidimensional burdens the disease could cause and the necessities for joint efforts to tackle the multidimensional problems. The study further elucidated that despite the encouraging beginning, the eventual slowdown undertakings in the joint actions. This included failure to meet regularly to monitor and evaluate as stated earlier and societies' reluctances despite consistent information dissemination. CONCLUSION: A firm understanding about multidimensional impacts of COVID-19 by all stakeholders was revealed in the region. Remarkable achievements were observed at the early stage of disease prevention and control responses with encouraging multisectoral approach as guided by the convergence model. However, several setbacks were observed in the process of multisectoral approach intervention as indicated by the conceptual framework. Hence, to ensure sustainable MSA, revitalization of the initial commitment of all stakeholders and strengthening MSA considering end-to end approach of the convergence frame is crucial; subsequent quantitative study recommended to establish wider determinants on success of MSA.

Bacterial co-infections with SARS-CoV-2.

The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions of people worldwide. To date, there are no proven effective therapies for this virus. Efforts made to develop antiviral strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 are underway. Respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, predispose patients to co-infections and these lead to increased disease severity and mortality. Numerous types of antibiotics such as azithromycin have been employed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infections in patients with a viral respiratory infection (e.g., SARS-CoV-2). Although antibiotics do not directly affect SARS-CoV-2, viral respiratory infections often result in bacterial pneumonia. It is possible that some patients die from bacterial co-infection rather than virus itself. To date, a considerable number of bacterial strains have been resistant to various antibiotics such as azithromycin, and the overuse could render those or other antibiotics even less effective. Therefore, bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality rates of COVID-19. Also, the antibiotic-resistant as a result of overusing must be considered. In this review, we will summarize the bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infection in some featured respiratory viral infections, especially COVID-19.

The role of human herpesvirus-6 and inflammatory markers in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a destructive autoimmune neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology and mechanism of pathogenesis. Pathogens, especially human herpes viruses, have been suggested as environmental factors of the MS and other neuroinflammatory disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HHV-6 antibody response in MS patients and investigate the levels of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines in MS patients in comparison with healthy subjects. Two hundred sixty-three patients with clinically defined MS (140 females and 123 males), along with 263 healthy subjects (140 females and 123 males), were recruited for this study. After the analysis of HHV-6 seropositivity/seronegativity, the levels of some pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-12 as well as two chemokines, namely CCL-2 and CCL-5 were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in HHV-6 seropositive/seronegative MS patients and healthy subjects. Our results showed that the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6, and CCL-5 elevated in HHV-6 seropositive compared with seronegative MS patients (P < .05). Moreover, the levels of IL-12, IL-10, and CCL-2 levels were significantly lower in seropositive MS patients when compared with seronegative MS patients (P < .05). Also, our results revealed that the mean values of the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) were significantly higher in HHV-6 seropositive versus seronegative MS patients (P < .05). In conclusion, we proposed that HHV-6 infection may play a role in MS pathogenesis by changing cytokine signaling in MS patients that may lead to peripheral inflammation.

Influenza A Virus Infections in Dromedary Camels, Nigeria and Ethiopia, 2015-2017.

We examined nasal swabs and serum samples acquired from dromedary camels in Nigeria and Ethiopia during 2015-2017 for evidence of influenza virus infection. We detected antibodies against influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) viruses and isolated an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-like virus from a camel in Nigeria. Influenza surveillance in dromedary camels is needed.

Systematic review on respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology in adults and the elderly in Latin America.

OBJECTIVES: The present study provides a comprehensive review of the recently published data on RSV epidemiology in adults and the elderly in Latin America. METHODS: A systematic literature search was carried out in Medline, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane Library. The search strategy aimed at retrieving studies focusing on RSV prevalence, burden, risk factors, and the routine clinical practice in the prevention and management of RSV infections in Latin American countries. Only articles published between January 2011 and December 2017 were considered. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included. Percentages of RSV detection varied highly across included studies for adult subjects with respiratory infections (0% to 77.9%), influenza-like illness (1.0% to 16.4%) and community-acquired pneumonia (1.3% to 13.5%). Considerable percentages of hospitalization were reported for RSV-infected adults with influenza-like illness (40.9% and 69.9%) and community-acquired pneumonia (91.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Recent RSV data regarding adult populations in Latin America are scarce. RSV was documented as a cause of illness in adults and the elderly, being identified in patients with acute respiratory infections, influenza-like illness and community-acquired pneumonia. The studies suggest that RSV infections may be a significant cause of hospitalization in adult populations in Latin America, including younger adults.

Frequency of emergency department visits and hospitalizations due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in patients included in two models of care / Frecuencia de visitas al departamento de emergencias y hospitalizaciones debido a exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en pacientes incluidos en dos modelos de atención

INTRODUCTION: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a huge impact on lung function, quality of life and mortality of patients. Emergency Department visits and hospitalizations due to exacerbations cause a significant economic burden on the health system. OBJECTIVE: To describe the differences in the number of emergency visits and hospitalizations due to exacerbations of COPD among patients included in two models of care of the same institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A historical cohort study in which COPD patients who are users of two models of care were included: COPD integrated care program (CICP) and general consultation of pulmonology (GCP). The first model, unlike the second one, offers additional educational activities, 24/7 telephone service, and priority consultations. The number of emergency visits and hospitalizations due to COPD exacerbations in patients who had completed at least one year of follow-up was evaluated. The multivariable Poisson regression model was used for calculating the incidence rate (IR) and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with an adjustment for confounding factors. RESULTS: We included 316 COPD patients (166 from the CICP and 150 from the GCP). During the year of follow-up, the CICP patients had 50% fewer emergency visits and hospitalizations than patients from the GCP (IRR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.29-0.87, p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: COPD patients in the CICP had fewer emergency visits and hospitalizations due to exacerbations. Prospective clinical studies are required to confirm the results and to evaluate the factors that contribute to the differences.

Introducción. Las exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) tienen un gran impacto en la función pulmonar, la calidad de vida y la mortalidad de los pacientes. Las visitas al Departamento de Emergencias y las hospitalizaciones debido a las exacerbaciones, causan una carga económica importante para el sistema de salud. Objetivo. Describir las diferencias en el número de visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones debidas a exacerbaciones de la EPOC, entre los pacientes incluidos en dos modelos de atención de la misma institución. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte histórica en el que se incluyeron pacientes que son usuarios de dos modelos de atención: el programa de atención integrada de la EPOC (CICP) y la consulta general de neumología (PCG). El primer modelo, a diferencia del segundo, ofrece actividades educativas adicionales, servicio telefónico las 24 horas del día y consultas prioritarias. Se evaluó el número de visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones debido a exacerbaciones de la EPOC en pacientes que habían completado, al menos, un año de seguimiento. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión multivariable de Poisson para calcular la tasa de incidencia (IR) y la razón de tasas de incidencia (IRR), con un ajuste para factores de confusión. Resultados. Se incluyeron 316 pacientes con EPOC, 166 del CICP y 150 de la PCG. Durante el año de seguimiento, los pacientes en el CICP tuvieron 50 % menos visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones que los pacientes en la PCG (IRR=0,50; IC95% 0,29-0,87; p=0,014). Conclusiones. Los pacientes con EPOC en el CICP, tuvieron menos visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones debido a las exacerbaciones. Se requieren estudios clínicos prospectivos para confirmar los resultados y evaluar los factores que contribuyen a las diferencias.

Frequency of emergency department visits and hospitalizations due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in patients included in two models of care / Frecuencia de visitas al departamento de emergencias y hospitalizaciones debido a exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en pacientes incluidos en dos modelos de atención

Introduction: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a huge impact on lung function, quality of life and mortality of patients. Emergency Department visits and hospitalizations due to exacerbations cause a significant economic burden on the health system. Objective: To describe the differences in the number of emergency visits and hospitalizations due to exacerbations of COPD among patients included in two models of care of the same institution. Materials and methods: A historical cohort study in which COPD patients who are users of two models of care were included: COPD integrated care program (CICP) and general consultation of pulmonology (GCP). The first model, unlike the second one, offers additional educational activities, 24/7 telephone service, and priority consultations. The number of emergency visits and hospitalizations due to COPD exacerbations in patients who had completed at least one year of follow-up was evaluated. The multivariable Poisson regression model was used for calculating the incidence rate (IR) and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with an adjustment for confounding factors. Results: We included 316 COPD patients (166 from the CICP and 150 from the GCP). During the year of follow-up, the CICP patients had 50% fewer emergency visits and hospitalizations than patients from the GCP (IRR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.29-0.87, p=0.014). Conclusions: COPD patients in the CICP had fewer emergency visits and hospitalizations due to exacerbations. Prospective clinical studies are required to confirm the results and to evaluate the factors that contribute to the differences.

Introducción. Las exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) tienen un gran impacto en la función pulmonar, la calidad de vida y la mortalidad de los pacientes. Las visitas al Departamento de Emergencias y las hospitalizaciones debido a las exacerbaciones, causan una carga económica importante para el sistema de salud. Objetivo. Describir las diferencias en el número de visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones debidas a exacerbaciones de la EPOC, entre los pacientes incluidos en dos modelos de atención de la misma institución. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte histórica en el que se incluyeron pacientes que son usuarios de dos modelos de atención: el programa de atención integrada de la EPOC (CICP) y la consulta general de neumología (PCG). El primer modelo, a diferencia del segundo, ofrece actividades educativas adicionales, servicio telefónico las 24 horas del día y consultas prioritarias. Se evaluó el número de visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones debido a exacerbaciones de la EPOC en pacientes que habían completado, al menos, un año de seguimiento. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión multivariable de Poisson para calcular la tasa de incidencia (IR) y la razón de tasas de incidencia (IRR), con un ajuste para factores de confusión. Resultados. Se incluyeron 316 pacientes con EPOC, 166 del CICP y 150 de la PCG. Durante el año de seguimiento, los pacientes en el CICP tuvieron 50 % menos visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones que los pacientes en la PCG (IRR=0,50; IC95% 0,29-0,87; p=0,014). Conclusiones. Los pacientes con EPOC en el CICP, tuvieron menos visitas de emergencia y hospitalizaciones debido a las exacerbaciones. Se requieren estudios clínicos prospectivos para confirmar los resultados y evaluar los factores que contribuyen a las diferencias.

Microbiological characterization of severe exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in patients admitted to the ICU with or without associated pneumonia: A retrospective cross-sectional study / Caracterización microbiológica de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) ingresados a UCI con exacerbación grave o neumonía: un estudio transversal retrospective

Objective: The goal of this study was to compare the microbiology of severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), in patients with pneumonia compared to those that did not have. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study that included patients with severe COPD exacerbation. We took microbiologic and serologic samples to study the etiology of the exacerbation and chest X-ray to see whether or not it had associated pneumonia. Results: Ninety-one patients were included in the study. 53/91 (58%) had pneumonia. The most prevalent bacteria isolated were H. influenzae (25.3%), Moraxella spp (22%), H. parainfluenza (14.3%), Serratia marcescens (13.2%), mixed flora (9.9%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%). A statistically significant difference could not be demonstrated between the two groups. We detected 24.2% of bacterial resistance in both groups, the most frequent being AMPc (13 cases). Discussion: Bacterial pneumonia in COPD patients is higher in comparison with patients with acute exacerbation. Even though we did not find a significant difference in the microbiology of the groups with or without pneumonia, there are variables such as past smoking related to having pneumonia. Patients with pneumonia also had higher severity scores.

Objetivo: Comparar la microbiología de las exacerbaciones graves de EPOC (Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica) que requieren ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, con y sin neumonía Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes con exacerbación grave de EPOC que requieren ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Tomamos muestras microbiológicas y serológicas para estudiar la etiología de la exacerbación y radiografía de tórax para ver si tenía o no una neumonía asociada. Seguimos a los pacientes durante su ingreso en la UCI y evaluamos el resultado de la hospitalización. Resultados: se incluyeron 91 pacientes en el estudio. 53/91 ( 58%) tuvieron confirmación de neumonía. Las bacterias más prevalentes aisladas fueron H. influenzae (25.3%), Moraxella spp (22%), H. parainfluenza (14.3%), Serratia marcescens (13.2%), flora mixta (9.9%) y S. aureus meticilino sensible. (9.9% ). No se pudo demostrar una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los dos grupos. Detectamos una resistencia bacteriana del 24,2% en ambos grupos, siendo la más frecuente AMPc (13 casos). Discusión: la neumonía bacteriana en pacientes con EPOC es más alta cuando se compara con pacientes con exacerbación aguda. Aunque no encontramos una diferencia significativa en la microbiología de los grupos con o sin neumonía, existen variables como antecedente de cigarrillo asociadas a tener neumonía. Los pacientes con neumonía así mismo tuvieron mayores índices de severidad.

MERS coronaviruses from camels in Africa exhibit region-dependent genetic diversity.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a zoonotic respiratory disease of global public health concern, and dromedary camels are the only proven source of zoonotic infection. Although MERS-CoV infection is ubiquitous in dromedaries across Africa as well as in the Arabian Peninsula, zoonotic disease appears confined to the Arabian Peninsula. MERS-CoVs from Africa have hitherto been poorly studied. We genetically and phenotypically characterized MERS-CoV from dromedaries sampled in Morocco, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. Viruses from Africa (clade C) are phylogenetically distinct from contemporary viruses from the Arabian Peninsula (clades A and B) but remain antigenically similar in microneutralization tests. Viruses from West (Nigeria, Burkina Faso) and North (Morocco) Africa form a subclade, C1, that shares clade-defining genetic signatures including deletions in the accessory gene ORF4b Compared with human and camel MERS-CoV from Saudi Arabia, virus isolates from Burkina Faso (BF785) and Nigeria (Nig1657) had lower virus replication competence in Calu-3 cells and in ex vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. BF785 replicated to lower titer in lungs of human DPP4-transduced mice. A reverse genetics-derived recombinant MERS-CoV (EMC) lacking ORF4b elicited higher type I and III IFN responses than the isogenic EMC virus in Calu-3 cells. However, ORF4b deletions may not be the major determinant of the reduced replication competence of BF785 and Nig1657. Genetic and phenotypic differences in West African viruses may be relevant to zoonotic potential. There is an urgent need for studies of MERS-CoV at the animal-human interface.

Piomiositis fulminante Sepsis en paciente joven / Fulminant pyomiositis Sepsis in a young patient

La piomiositis es una infección infrecuente del músculo esquelético que afecta principalmente a hombres jóvenes no sólo de regiones tropicales, generalmente causada por Staphylococcus aureus. Describimos el caso de un paciente de 23 años que consultó por dolor abdominal irradiado a región glútea con incapacidad para la marcha. Refería antecedente de colocación de piercing y la presencia de forúnculo inguinal en resolución. Al examen físico se encontró estable hemodinámicamente, febril, con piercing en labio inferior, dolor abdominal a la palpación y dolor a la movilización de la cadera izquierda. La impresión clínica inicial fue artritis séptica para lo que se inició manejo; sin embargo, la evolución tórpida y los estudios imagenológicos concluyeron miositis inespecífica y abscesos metastásicos pulmonares. Requirió manejo en unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI) con ventilación mecánica y antibióticos de amplio espectro con lenta resolución a la mejoría...

Terapia de fluidos en pacientes adultos críticamente enfermos / Therapy of fluids in critically sick adult patients

La terapia de fluidos en el paciente críticamente enfermo ha venido experimentando una serie de cambios que buscan optimizar este manejo, varios de los cuales han sido motivo de controversia. Dentro de éstos se seleccionaron los siguientes tópicos para ser discutidos en la Reunión de Consenso, los cuales originaron estas Guías de Práctica Clínica: cristaloides versus coloides en el paciente crítico; uso de albúmina humana en resucitación; hipoalbuminemia y plasmaféresis; resucitación con fluidos y el desarrollo del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda; fluidos en resucitación de pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico; acidosis metabólica como índice de resucitación insuficiente en el paciente crítico; accesos venosos en resucitación; utilidad de los signos clínicos en el diagnóstico y manejo del choque hipovolémico. Los expertos participantes representan 10 disciplinas médicas relacionadas con este campo de la medicina crítica y una amplia diversidad de hospitales y facultades de medicina...