ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To prepare and characterize the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of clarithromycin laurate (CLM-L), a fatty acid salt of clarithromycin (CLM). METHODS: CLM-L was prepared by a simple co-melting process. The formation of CLM-L was confirmed using FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. Solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR), and partitioning properties of CLM-L were determined and compared to those of CLM. Bioavailability of CLM from CLM-L tablets was evaluated in healthy volunteers and compared to immediate release CLM tablets. RESULTS: CLM-L showed lower aqueous solubility, higher partitioning coefficient, and slower dissolution rate. Tablets of CLM-L also showed a significantly slower in vitro release in comparison to CLM tablets. Cmax, Tmax and AUC0â∞ of CLM-L tablets and immediate release CLM tablets did not show a significant difference. However, the AUC0â∞ for the CLM-L tablets tended to be higher than that of CLM tablets at all-time points. CONCLUSION: CLM-L was successfully prepared and its formation was confirmed. CLM-L was more hydrophobic than CLM. It exhibited a slight in vivo absorption enhancement in comparison to CLM. However, its pharmacokinetic behavior was comparable to that of CLM.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/blood , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Clarithromycin/blood , Clarithromycin/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Clarithromycin/administration & dosage , Drug Stability , Humans , Laurates/administration & dosage , Laurates/blood , Laurates/chemistry , Salts/administration & dosage , Salts/blood , Salts/chemistry , Solubility , TabletsABSTRACT
The glycosylation of naturally occurring phenolic acids has a significant impact on their solubility, stability and physiochemical properties. D-Galactose residue was found to form a part of glycoconjugates in several tissues and involved in a variety of physiological process. To the best of our knowledge, we have noticed a little information about the glycosylation of the phenolic acids with galactose residue. In this work, we describe the glycosylation of methyl vanillate and methyl ferulate with peracetylated-ß-D-galactopyranose in the presence of BF3·OEt2. The coupling reaction yielded efficiently and selectively only the acetylated ß-D-galactopyranosides 3 and 6. Removal of the acetyl groups using sodium methoxide afforded the corresponding ß-D-galactopyranosides 4 and 7 in good yields. Anticancer activity in vitro was evaluated against two human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines). ß-D-galactopyranosides 4 and 7 demonstrated improved cytotoxic activity compared to the parental esters.
