ABSTRACT
The current study is aimed at modifying the structural makeup of potato starch through the application of heat and moisture to better control the postprandial glycemic response. Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) was used to prepare potato starch using different moisture levels and temperatures. The samples were digested with pancreatin to determine the % of easily digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starch. Subjects were given pudding made with HMT potato starch, and their postprandial glycemic response was tracked by measuring their blood glucose levels. In addition, incremental and total incremental areas under the curve (IAUC, TIAUC) were also assessed. The current findings of in vitro enzymatic digestibility of potato starch showed inconsistent results as measured at different time intervals. Adding moisture and heating the mixture to 30 and 70°C both increased the amount of rapidly digestible starch in all of the treatments from 20 to 40%. The maximum value of slowly digestible starch was 43.63% when the sample was heated to 30°C with a moisture content of 30%. The highest value (68.46%) for resistant starch was achieved at 20% moisture level and 30°C. After eating pudding, blood sugar spiked for the first 60 and 90 min before gradually dropping off over the next 240 min. As a whole, the highest IAUC and TIAUC values, as well as the glycemic index and load, were observed in potato starch heated to 70°C, which contained 40% moisture. Most parameters achieved their highest values when 40% moisture was added and the heat was applied at 70°C.
ABSTRACT
Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub & Spach (Papilionaceae) is a medicinal plant, cultivated in northern areas of Pakistan. The consumption of trace minerals (lead) is very toxic to the vital organs of the body, therefore the overcome of these minerals is very necessary. In this regard, this study aimed to assess the potential pharmacological effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub & Spach against pb-induced oxidative stress, histological changes in Pb-induced rats' liver and kidney, and anti-inflammatory effect. The metal concentrations in liver and kidney homogenates were measured through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH and FRAP assay. Pb concentrations were significantly higher in liver and kidney homogenates after injection of Pb acetate was given intraperitoneally (45.2 ± 6.8 and 58.8 ± 7.9, respectively; p < .0001). The level of Pb in liver and kidney homogenates was significantly reduced by aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub & Spach. The Pb + Aq-600 mg/kg-treated rats exhibited a protective effect on hepatocytes cells against Pb-induced liver injury and restored the cells of the kidney. Pb + Aq-600 mg/kg showed higher antioxidant activity as compared to other treated groups. The highest decreased MDA level was found in liver and kidney homogenate of Pb + Aq-600 mg/kg rats (11.2 ± 1.51 nmol/mg; p < .001) and GSH and CAT levels tended to normal after treatment of Pb + Aq-600 mg/kg in rats. The ALAD, ALT, AST, and ALP level were enhanced and tended to be normal after the Aq-400 and Aq-600 mg/kg treatment in Pb-exposed rats. The result showed that 600 mg/kg Aq + Pb exhibited significant (p < .001) anti-inflammatory activity. The findings of this study concluded that treatment of the aqueous extract of Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub & Spach reduces the renal and hepatic damage in Pb-induced rats and it also decreases oxidative stress via improving antioxidant components.
ABSTRACT
Calcium is imperative in maintaining a quality life, particularly during later ages. Its deficiency results in a wide range of metabolic disorders such as dental changes, cataracts, alterations in brain function, and osteoporosis. These deficiencies are more pronounced in females due to increased calcium turnover throughout their life cycle, especially during pregnancy and lactation. Vitamin D perform a central role in the metabolism of calcium. Recent scientific interventions have linked calcium with an array of metabolic disorders in females including hypertension, obesity, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), multiple sclerosis, and breast cancer. This review encompasses these female metabolic disorders with special reference to calcium and vitamin D deficiency. This review article aims to present and elaborate on available data regarding the worldwide occurrence of insufficient calcium consumption in females and allied health risks, to provide a basis for formulating strategies and population-level scientific studies to adequately boost calcium intake and position where required.
