Novel SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and COVID19 disease; a systemic review on the global pandemic.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, several viral outbreaks have threatened humankind and posed a new challenge to the modern healthcare system. The recent outbreak in Wuhan (December 2019), China, represents a beta coronavirus classified as novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Novel SARS-CoV-2 represents a significant similarity with previous coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV in 2002, China and MERS-CoV in 2015, Middle East. However, preliminary research investigations have shown the novel SARS-CoV-2 evolved with several mutations and developed the capacity to cross the species, i.e., animal to human. The initial findings have shown that spike proteins are vital molecules target hACE2 receptor for its attachment and entry into cells. After successful entry virus primarily focuses on respiratory airway cell lines and triggers a massive immune response leading to mucus generation. In severe conditions, the virus is capable of forcing viral pneumonia leading to the collapse of the respiratory system, i.e., COVID19. So far, there is a lack of immunity against the virus in humans. At the same in the absence of therapeutic interventions, many countries experienced high mortality, such as the United States, European countries, i.e., Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom. The vaccine development is underway and experiencing challenges, as many reports demonstrated genetic variations in viral genome and proteins as well. The present study provides a complete comprehensive overview of the novel SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, human transmission, and global spread.

Solvent Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Sesame Seeds for Determination of Bioactive Antioxidant Fatty Acid/Fatty Oil Components.

The seed kernels of Sesamum indicum L. (family: Pedaliaceae) were extracted with ethanol and yield of components determined by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The free radical scavenging activities of ethanolic extract against1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were determined by UV spectrophotometer at 517 nm. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds including steroids, phenolic, terpenoids, fatty acids and different types of ester compounds. The ethanolic extract was purified and analyzed by GC MS.The prevailing compounds found in ethanolic extract were Carvacrol (0.04%),Sesamol (0.11%), 4-Allyl-2-methoxy-phenol(0.04%),Palmitic acid (1.08%), cis-9-Hexadecenal (85.40%), Lineoleoyl chloride (0.52%), Palmitic acid ß-monoglyceride (0.40%), Dihydro-aplotaxene (0.61%), Oleoyl chloride (1.11%), (+)-Sesamin (4.73%), 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)tetrahydro-1 H,3 H-furo [3,4-c]furan-1-yl], [1 S-(1,3,4,6α.), (2.01%)], 6-Nitrocholest-5-en-3-yl acetate (0.22%), Ergost-5-en-3ß-ol (2.35%) and 24-Propylidenecholesterol (0.16%). The presence ofsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids in ethanolicextract justifies the use of this plant to treat many ailments in folk and traditional medicine. Ethanolic extract have shown significant antioxidant activity(IC50120.38±2.8 µg/ml). The presence of phenolic (Sesamol), lignin (Sesamin) compounds and unsaturated fatty acids are reported as possible contributor for antioxidantactivity of seed extract.

Nano-ropinirole for the management of Parkinsonism: blood-brain pharmacokinetics and carrier localization.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the brain targeting potential of chitosan-coated oil in water nanoemulsions (CSNE(ROP)) delivered intranasally in haloperidol-induced Parkinson's disease rat models. METHODS: Chitosan-coated nanoemulsion (CSNE(ROP)) was developed through aqueous titration followed by a high pressure homogenization method. RESULTS: Gamma-scintigraphy study showed a significantly high mucoadhesive potential of CSNE(ROP) and least for conventional and homogenized formulations. Confocal study showed deep localization of formulations in the brain confirming the permeation potential of CSNE(ROP). Pharmacokinetic results of CSNE(ROP) in Wistar rat brain and plasma showed a significantly high (p** < 0.005) AUC0→24 and amplified Cmax over i.v treatment group. Neurobehavioral activity (rotarod and swim tests) and biochemical parameters (glutathion, TBARS and SOD) corroborated well with the pharmacokinetic results. The order of dopamine recovery in haloperidol-induced Wistar rats was found to be (i.n)CSNEROP group>(i.n)SolnROP group>(i.v)SolnROP group>haloperidol group. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, the investigation demonstrated that intranasal delivery of mucoadhesive nanocarrier might play as a potential candidate in the management of Parkinson's disease and related brain disorders.

Comparative anti-inflammatory potential of crystalline and amorphous nano curcumin in topical drug delivery.

The problem of poor bioavailability and clinical efficacy of curcumin can be sorted out after converting crystalline Curcumin (CrysCur) into amorphous NanoCurcumin (NanoCur). Amorphous NanoCur was prepared by converting into nanoemulsion (o/w) using water titration method. The formulation were pre-screen by different physical stress tests, followed by in vitro release study, zeta potential, viscosity, transmittance, globule size distribution and ex vivo studies. The morphology of the NanoCur was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which revealed fairly spherical shape and good correlation with droplet size distribution study. The NanoCur was converted to gel using Cabopol 934. The composition of optimized NanoCur was curcumin (0.154% w/w), Carbopol 934 (0.702% w/w), ethanolic oil phase [ethanol (0.013% w/w): Capryol 90 (0.015%w/w)], Tween 20 (0.076%w/w) as surfactant, PEG 200 (0.038%w/w) as a co-surfactant and distilled water (q.s) as hydration phase. The steady state flux (Jss), permeability coefficient (Kp) and enhancement ratio (Er) of NanoCur gel was determined and compared with CrysCur gel. Anti-inflammatory effects of the formulations were evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema method in rats using Diclofenac as a reference. These ant-inflammatory effects of NanoCur was highly significant (p<0.001) compared to CrysCur and significantly (p<0.05) comparable with standard Diclofenac. The histology of the formulation treated skin showed insignificant changes in the integrity except in the group treated with NanoCur. The slight disruption in the integrity of skin may be because of surfactant present in the nano formulations. Short term storage stability showed insignificant changes in the droplet size and zeta potential, proving its high shelf-life. Finally, it was concluded that NanoCur could be a promising tool in the management of topical inflammation.