Association of the STAT-6 rs324011 (C2892T) variant but not rs324015 (G2964A), with atopic asthma in a Saudi Arabian population.

BACKGROUND: The signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) transduces signals in response to IL-4 and IL-13 cytokine stimulations, resulting in many cell-specific responses. Some common STAT6 SNPs were associated with asthma predisposition and/or IgE levels, although discrepancies have also been reported. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether STAT6 rs324011 and rs324015 polymorphisms are associated with atopic asthma in Saudi Arabian patients. METHODS: A total of 536 Saudi individuals aged 11-70years old (230 atopic asthmatics, 306 healthy subjects) were recruited. DNA was purified from peripheral blood and genotyping for rs324011 and rs324015 polymorphisms was performed by PCR amplification, followed by cycle sequencing of the purified PCR fragments using BigDye chain terminator and capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS: By the contrast of alleles tests, no significant differences between asthma and healthy groups were detected for both variants (rs324011: X(2)=0.25, Pearson's P-value=0.617; rs324015: X(2)=0.068, Pearson's P=0.814).When testing for genotypes, rs324011 homozygous T/T genotype was significantly associated with asthma, when the Recessive model is considered (T/T vs. C/C+C/T) (adjusted, OR=2.49, 95% CI=1.18-5.25, Pearson's P=0.014(∗), Yates' P=0.022(∗)). In contrast, rs324015 variant was not significantly associated with asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Rs324011 homozygous T/T genotype was significantly associated with asthma risk whereas rs324015 genotypes were not in the Saudi population.

Poland's Syndrome with Absent Limb Anomalies.

Poland's syndrome comprises a spectrum of chest-wall deformities affecting, to various degrees, the rib cage, the chest-wall muscles, neurovascular structures of the ipsilateral arm and the overlying breast. We present a neonate with features of depressed right chest-wall with no respiratory distress. Computed tomography showed hypolasia of the right pectoralis major muscle, with reduced subcutaneous fat on the ipsilateral side of the chest, with abnormalities of the ribs on the same side but absent upper limb deformities. There is negative history of other family members of being affected.

Health care professional development: Working as a team to improve patient care.

In delivering health care, an effective teamwork can immediately and positively affect patient safety and outcome. The need for effective teams is increasing due to increasing co-morbidities and increasing complexity of specialization of care. Time has gone when a doctor or a dentist or any other health practitioner in whatsoever health organization would be able to solely deliver a quality care that satisfies his or her patients. The evolution in health care and a global demand for quality patient care necessitate a parallel health care professional development with a great focus on patient centred teamwork approach. This can only be achieved by placing the patient in the centre of care and through sharing a wide based culture of values and principles. This will help forming and developing an effective team able to deliver exceptional care to the patients. Aiming towards this goal, motivation of team members should be backed by strategies and practical skills in order to achieve goals and overcome challenges. This article highlights values and principles of working as a team and principles and provides team players with a practical approach to deliver quality patient care.

Features associated with severe disease in hospitalized children with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection at a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In 2009, pandemic H1N1 influenza A caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, available data on disease characteristics and outcome of hospitalized children is limited. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective cohort study of children who required hospitalization because of the influenza A (H1N1) infection at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, over 6 months (July- December, 2009). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data was collected using a predesigned form for all admitted pediatric cases (0-12 years) presenting with the influenza-like illness and who tested positive for the novel influenza (H1N1) using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. The clinical course and features associated with the severe disease among such children were described RESULTS: Out of 1103 children with the influenza-like illness, 375 (34%) were confirmed pediatric cases of influenza A (H1N1), of whom 50 (13.3%) required hospitalization. The median age was 3 years (range, 1 month-12 years). Fever was the most frequent symptom (94%) at admission, followed by cough (86%) and other symptoms including vomiting and diarrhea. The majority (70%) of children had at least one underlying medical condition, with bronchial asthma being the most common (40%). All cases were treated with oseltamivir. Five children (10%) were admitted to the ICU, 4 required mechanical ventilation, and 2 died (4%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children with 2009 H1N1 influenza A-associated hospitalization in this series had an uncomplicated course. Respiratory complications and ICU admissions were more frequent in those with underlying disease, especially asthma and neuromuscular diseases. Efforts need to be focused prior to each influenza season and special emphasis needs to be given to children by immunizing them with H1N1 influenza A vaccination to avoid severe disease and minimize complications.

Lung functions in poorly controlled type 1 Saudi diabetic children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the lung function among Saudi type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children and adolescents. METHODS: This study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and University Diabetes Centre, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from December 2008 to July 2010. A group of 52 (26 male and 26 female) volunteer T1DM children were recruited with an age range from 8-14 years (mean 12.05 +/- 1.42 years), mean duration of disease of 5.25 +/- 0.47 years, and mean glycosylated hemoglobin of 11.27 +/- 0.31%. Spirometry was performed on an Electronic Spirometer (Compact Vitalograph, Stockwell, London, UK). RESULTS: Pulmonary function in children with diabetes showed significant lower mean values of actual lung function parameters forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximum mid expiratory flow rate (MMEF) compared to their predicted values. However, there was no significant reduction in the actual forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC% compared to their predicted values. CONCLUSION: The actual lung function data among Saudi T1DM children and adolescents showed significantly lower values of FVC, PEF, and MMEF compared to the predicted lung function data.

Effects of Montelukast on free radical production in whole blood and isolated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in asthmatic children.

Montelukast is a highly selective leukotriene-receptor antagonist (LTRA). It is widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, primarily as an adjunct to corticosteroids. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and oxidative stress contributing to the initiation and worsening of inflammatory respiratory disorders, such as asthma. Antioxidant drugs may have a role in minimizing or preventing damage in asthmatic children. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant effect of montelukast on the production of free radicals in the whole blood and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in asthmatic children. A group of 48 (38 males and 10 females), apparently healthy asthmatic children were recruited with ages ranging between 6 and 14 years. In asthmatic children, base line (premedication) and post medication free radicals activity in the whole blood and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) was determined by measuring chemiluminescence (CL) response through chemiluminescence luminometer. Free radical productions were significantly decreased in the whole blood, when stimulated with Phorbol Myristate Acetate (p < 0.04) and Opsonised Zymosan (p < 0.05). The free radicals were also significantly decreased in isolated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) when stimulated with Opsonised Zymosan (p < 0.05) after the post medication treatment of montelukast in asthmatic children. Montelukast decreased the reactive oxygen species production, both in the whole blood as well as isolated PMNs in asthmatic children.

Acute septic arthritis in children.

BACKGROUND: Acute septic arthritis is a health-care problem in growing children. The aim of the present study was to determine the demographic features, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment and outcome of children suffering from acute septic arthritis. METHODS: Retrospective review of consecutive admissions of children < or =14 years of age with a bacteriologically and/or radiologically confirmed diagnosis of septic arthritis during the 10 year period, January 1997-December 2006 at King Fahad Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City was undertaken. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients (male : female, 2.4:1), 10 days-14 years of age (mean +/- SD: 3.3 +/- 3.2 years), met the inclusion criteria. More than half of the patients were under 2 years. The most frequent clinical features were pain (92%), fever (77%), limitation of joint movement (77%) and joint swelling (72%). Joint involvement was monoarticular in 97% of knees, and hips were affected in 75% of patients. Bacteria were isolated from joint aspirate or blood in 28 patients (43%), and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism, comprising 39% of the total bacterial isolates. Radiological diagnostic findings were observed in 19 (32%) of 60 patients with plain radiographs, nine (69%) of 16 patients with sonograms of the hip, 36 (80%) of 45 patients with Tc-labeled bone scan and nine (100%) of nine patients with magnetic resonance imaging. The joint infection resolved with no sequelae in 46 patients who were followed up for 6-36 months, but two had bone deformity and 17 were lost to follow up. CONCLUSION: According to the present series, septic arthritis is most common in young infants, mainly monoarticular, and is frequently localized in the knee and hip joints. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are associated with excellent outcome.

Health complaints among subjects involved in oil cleanup operations during oil spillage from a Greek tanker "Tasman Spirit".

BACKGROUND: Oil spillage in the sea water is a disaster for marine life and humans in the vicinity. The study aimed at investigating health complaints among subjects involved in oil cleanup operations during a spillage from a Greek oil tanker "Tasman Spirit". SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The project was conducted under the supervision of the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study concerned the respiratory and general health complaints in 50 apparently healthy, non-smoking male workers exposed to crude oil during oil cleanup operations. The exposed group was matched with a similar number of male, non-smoking controls. The health complaints were evaluated based on a comprehensive interview. RESULTS: The subjects involved in oil cleanup operations had significantly higher rates of health complaints including cough (38%), runny nose (36%), eye irritation/redness (32%), sore throat (28%), headache (28%), nausea (24%) and general illness (18%), compared to their matched controls. CONCLUSION: Air pollution due to crude oil spillage into sea water may cause respiratory and general health complaints in workers involved in oil cleanup operations.

Effect of duration of exposure to polluted air environment on lung function in subjects exposed to crude oil spill into sea water.

BACKGROUND: Oil spill in sea water represents a huge environmental disaster for marine life and humans in the vicinity. The aim was to investigate the effect of duration of exposure to polluted air environment on lung function in subjects exposed to crude oil spill into sea water. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was conducted under the supervision of Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during the period July 2003 - December 2004. This was a comparative study of spirometry in 31 apparently healthy, non smoking, male workers, exposed to crude oil spill environment during the oil cleaning operation. The exposed group was matched with similar number of male, non smoking control subjects. Pulmonary function test was performed by using an electronic spirometer. RESULTS: Subjects exposed to polluted air for periods longer than 15 days showed a significant reduction in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second (FEV1), Forced Expiratory Flow in 25-25% (FEF25-75%) and Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). CONCLUSION: Air environment polluted due to crude oil spill into sea water caused impaired lung function and this impairment was associated with dose response effect of duration of exposure to air polluted by crude oil spill into sea water.

A laryngeal presentation of Churg-Strauss syndrome in childhood.

A 10- year-old female, known to have bronchial asthma, presented with an unusual laryngeal lesion, eventually diagnosed as Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS). She was referred to our hospital with history of recurrent stridor. On endoscopyhe, the larynx showed signs similar to recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). CSS is a systemic disorder and is now defined as one of the ANCA ( antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)-associated vasculitides. CSS is a systemic disease that may involve unusual sites like the larynx. Such an unusual presentation of CSS should be kept in mind, especially in patients with history of asthma.

Assessment of the accuracy of death certification at two referral hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Death certification is a vital source of information used in mortality statistics worldwide to assess the health of the general population. This study focuses on the consistency of information between the death reports and the clinical records (files) of deceased patients in two hospitals: the King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) and King Fahad National Guard hospital (KFNGH) in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A random sample of the records of 157 deceased patients' registered in 2002 in the two hospitals was retrospectively reviewed independently to determine the underlying cause of death and compare them with death reports. It was also to check the accuracy of the translation from English in to Arabic. RESULTS: It was found that the underlying cause of death was misdiagnosed in 80.3% of the death reports. When the two hospitals were compared, no significant difference was observed (p>0.05). In addition, 81.8% of the accurate (correct) death reports in both hospitals were of patients who had died of a malignant disease. However, the translation of the underlying cause of death in KFNGH was correct in 86.1% of the death reports, while in KKUH it was only 25%, which is highly statistically significant (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: With the limitation of studying only a small number of cases, these results indicate a discrepancy between the file and death reports in relation to the cause of death. Also, the translation of the cause of death was inconsistent in the two hospitals. Hence, there is a real need to adopt suitable measures to improve the quality of death certification.

Knowledge and practice of spirometry among pediatricians in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Spirometry is the most basic, widely used and effort-dependent pulmonary function test. It assesses the lung volumes and flows, and is ideally suited to describe the effects of restriction or obstruction on lung function. Therefore, keeping in view the clinical applications of spirometry, this study attempts to explore the knowledge and practice about spirometry among pediatricians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire-based study was conducted across multiple centers in various hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The structured questionnaire, based upon knowledge and practice of spirometry, was distributed to 150 pediatricians in the various tertiary care hospitals in the metropolitan area of Riyadh. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent of 113 pediatricians agreed that spirometry is a valuable tool in pediatric clinical practice. However, knowledge relating to spirometry was lacking among pediatricians, and about 86% of the study population did not demonstrate up-to-date knowledge of spirometry in pediatrics. Only 11% of pediatricians were very confident in interpreting spirometry results. No statistically significant association was observed between the distribution of responses relating to knowledge and practice of spirometry and the study variables including academic position, duration of practicing experience and number of patients attended daily. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that pediatricians in Riyadh were lacking adequate knowledge about the clinical applications of spirometry in their daily clinical practice. Hence, it was suggested that pediatricians should attend periodical training, workshops and continuous medical education programmes to enhance their knowledge. This should especially be performed during their pediatric residency training programmes, as spirometry is one of the essential components in clinical practice.

Lung function in subjects exposed to crude oil spill into sea water.

A Greek oil-tanker ran aground, resulting in a huge oil spill along the costal areas of Karachi, Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to assess the lung function and follow up change after one year in subjects exposed to crude oil spill in sea water. It was a cross sectional study with follow up in 20 apparently healthy, non-smoking, male workers, who were exposed to a crude oil spill environment during oil cleaning operation. The exposed group was matched with 31 apparently healthy male control subjects. Pulmonary function test was performed using an electronic Spirometer. Subjects exposed to polluted air have significant reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV(1)), forced expiratory flow (FEF(25-75%)) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) compared to their matched controls. This impairment was reversible and lung functions parameters were improved when the subjects were withdrawn from the polluted air environment.

Reversible pulmonary hypertension post adenotonsillectomy.

An 18-month-old boy presented with signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension of 12 months duration. Confirmatory laboratory studies, in the form of echocardiography and overnight oximetry, were carried out, which showed hypoxemia and severe pulmonary hypertension. He had adenotonsillectomy, which resulted in complete resolution of signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension. Chronic upper airway obstruction should not be overlooked as it is a reversible cause of pulmonary hypertension.

Cardiac diseases as a risk factor for stroke in Saudi children.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the role of cardiac diseases as a risk factor for stroke in a cohort of Saudi children who were evaluated in a retrospective and prospective study. METHODS: Children with cardiac diseases were identified from within a cohort of 104 Saudi children who presented with stroke. They were seen as inpatients in the Pediatric Wards or evaluated at the Outpatient Clinics of the Division of Pediatric Neurology (DPN), and the Division of Pediatric Cardiology at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the periods July 1992 to February 2001 (retrospective study) and February 2001 to March 2003 (prospective study). A comprehensive form for clinical, neuroimaging, neurophysiological and laboratory data retrieval was designed and completed for each patient. Cardiac evaluation included 12-lead ECG and serial echocardiograms. Cardiac catheterization and 24-hour ambulatory ECG (Holter) were conducted on clinical discretion. RESULTS: Cardiac diseases were the underlying risk factor for stroke in 6 (5.8%) of the 104 children (aged one month to 12 years). The patients (4 males and 2 females) were evaluated at the DPN at a mean age of 5.3 years (range = 1-8 years; median 6.5 years). Onset of stroke was at a mean age of 34 months (range = 4 months-8 years; median = 30 months). Five patients had stroke in association with congenital heart disease (CHD), whereas the sixth had restrictive cardiomyopathy. The identified CHD consisted of membranous ventricular septal defect in a 5-year-old boy who had moyamoya syndrome and sickle cell beta(0)-thalassemia, asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a 17-month-old girl, atrioventricular canal defect and PDA in an 8-year-old boy who also had Down syndrome, partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in a one-year-old boy, and Tetralogy of Fallot in an 8-year-old boy. The latter patient developed hemiparesis secondary to a septic embolus, which evolved into brain abscess involving the right fronto-parietal region. This was successfully managed surgically. The sixth patient was an 8 1/2-year-old girl who had hemiparesis and complex partial seizure in association with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Serial echocardiograms depicted resolution of the cardiac abnormalities within 5 years and subsequent normal findings. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac diseases, as a group, constitute a significant risk factor for stroke in Saudi children. Early diagnosis of these diseases is important to prevent further recurrences of stroke, and because some of them are potentially curable.

Thoracoscopic treatment of pulmonary hydatid cyst in a child.

Hydatid disease has a wide geographic distribution around the world. In human, the lungs are the second most commonly affected sites. Pulmonary hydatidosis is much more frequently encountered in children than in adults. Surgical treatment has remained the standard option in the management of hydatid disease. However, surgeons were able to replicate the principles of conventional surgery using minimally invasive techniques. Herein, we report a case of pulmonary hydatid cyst in a 9-year-old girl treated successfully using the thoracoscopic approach.