ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The presence of phenolic acids in edible products for human consumption is considered in relation to the production of odorant substances, with a variety of different aromas. OBJECTIVE: Phenolic substances anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavanols, flavones and isoflavones, flavones, flavonols, etc. - are extremely interesting as flavor additives, anti-aging or maturing agents, and color and aroma enhancers. METHOD: The connection between flavoring properties on one hand and the presence of phenolic compounds on the other can be discussed in terms of food acceptance by consumers, especially with relation to the "Mediterranean Diet" lifestyle. RESULTS: The health perspectives of these and other food products related to Mediterranean Diet should be evaluated in the geographical ambit of the Mediterranean Basin, including several particular food and vegetable preparations - herbs and medicinal plants - of the Middle East. CONCLUSIONS: The aim of this paper is to give a presentation on these specialties in relation to Jordan. HIGHLIGHTS: Medicinal herbs have interesting health properties against digestive problems, parasitic worms, liver diseases, diabetes, skin problems, nervous, cardiocirculatory, and respiratory diseases.
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal , Anthocyanins , Humans , Jordan , Phenols/analysis , PolyphenolsABSTRACT
This study was done to determine the degree of metals and heavy metals in some bee pollen sample as biological indicator for environmental pollution. Sample were collected from industrial, urban and agricultural areas of Jordan in year 2017. Eight metals (As, Cd, Cu, Mg, Pb, Ni, Se, and Zn) continents analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrum, (ICP-OES). Results were statistically interpreted by using ANOVA analysis. Metals content in bee pollen from Jordan and China were determined within the following ranges (minimum-maximum mg/kg); Cu (copper): 11.338-0.032, Zn (Zinc): 77.022-25.24, Ni (Nickel): 2.839 to <0.01, Se (Selenium): 3.03 to <0.04, Mg (Magnesium): 1575.19-641.388, Pb (Lead): 2.567 to <0.03, Cd (Cadmium): <0.005, As (Arsenic): <0.02. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences among metals in the bee pollen. It has also found that bee pollen produced in Jordan may be a good source of some trace elements like Se and Mg and can be used as an environmental indicator and for quality control.
ABSTRACT
The current study aimed to investigate the important reproductive biology and morphology of A.m. jemenitica queens and drones through measuring the weight of virgin and mated queens, size and weight of spermathecae, weight of ovaries, number of ovarioles, quantity and viability of semen in queen and drones. Accordingly, the average weights of 0.139⯱â¯0.01â¯g and 0.143⯱â¯0.013â¯g recorded for virgin and mated queens respectively. The sizes of spermathecae were 1.248⯱â¯0.103â¯mm and 1.25⯱â¯0.022â¯mm for virgin and mated queens respectively. The mean weight of ovaries was 0.013⯱â¯0.003â¯g and the numbers of ovarioles varied from 124 to 163 with the mean of 142.9⯱â¯9.47 and with no significant difference between virgin and mated queens. The average number of stored sperm per spermathecae of mated queen was estimated to be 4.202⯱â¯0.613 million with the viability of 80.39%. The average number of sperm per drone recorded was 8,763,950⯱â¯1,633,203.15 with viability of 79.54⯱â¯6.70%. In general, the current study revealed that the values recorded for reproductive biology and morphological characters of A. m. jemenitica queens and drones were relatively lower than values recorded for other Apis mellifera races. This mainly could be associated with the body size of the race which is known to be the smallest race among A. mellifera races. Moreover, the harsh environmental conditions of the regions, high temperature, low humidity and limited resources may have contributed for the smaller biological and morphological values. The information will serve as a base in future selection and breeding of program of the race.
