Total, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber contents of selected Kuwaiti composite dishes.

Total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) contents of 37 composite dishes commonly consumed in the State of Kuwait were determined by the AOAC enzymatic-gravimetric method of Prosky et al. Levels (g/100 g) of SDF ranged over 0.3-0.5 in fish-based dishes, 0.3-2.6 in meat-based dishes, 0.1-1.4 in rice dishes, 3.2-4.6 in vegetable dishes, 0.3-0.7 in soup dishes, 0 in dairy dishes, 0.7-0.8 in sandwiches, and 0.1-5.0 in sweet dishes. IDF levels ranged over 1.1-1.8 in fish-based, 0.9-3.2 in meat-based, 0.6-2.7 in rice, 2.1-4.0 in vegetables, 0.6-3.4 in soup, 0 in dairy, 0.2-0.3 in sandwiches, and 0.2-11.6 in sweets. TDF values ranged over 1.4-2.3 in fish-based, 1.2-3.7 in meat-based, 0.3-4.1 in rice, 3.2-4.6 in vegetables, 0.9-3.8 in soup, 0 in dairy, 0.7-0.8 in sandwiches and 0.3-15.4 in sweets. This work attempts to provide new data on TDF, IDF and SDF of selected commonly consumed Kuwaiti composite dishes.

Estimates of dietary exposure of children to artificial food colours in Kuwait.

To assess the intake of artificial food colour additives by 5-14-year-old children in the State of Kuwait, a 24-h dietary recall was conducted twice on 3141 male and female Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti children from 58 schools. The determination of colour additives in 344 foods items consumed was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. A comparison with the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) was undertaken to evaluate the potential risk associated with the consumption of artificial colour additives by children in Kuwait. The results indicated that out of nine permitted colours, four exceeded their ADIs by factors of 2-8: tartrazine, sunset yellow, carmoisine and allura red. Further, follow-up studies to provide insight into potential adverse health effects associated with the high intakes of these artificial colour additives on the test population are warranted.

Kuwait's total diet study: dietary intake of organochlorine, carbamate, benzimidazole and phenylurea pesticide residues.

The State of Kuwait in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted a Total Diet Study (TDS) to estimate intakes of pesticide residues by the population. The levels of organochlorine (OC) pesticides, carbamates, benzimidazoles, and phenylureas in the TDS core list are reported here. The TDS core list was established through a national food consumption survey. All food items (140 for the Kuwaiti adult) were prepared as eaten and analyzed for the pesticides mentioned above. The FDA's multiresidue methods in Volume I of the Pesticide Analytical Manual were used in gas, liquid, and gel permeation chromatographic analyses. Only vegetable and fruit samples contained pesticide residues (mg/kg), including the carbamates 1-naphthol (1.4) and 3H-carbofuran (0.94) in carrots; the OC pesticide vinclozolin (0.47), 3H-carbofuran (0.66), and fenuron (0.6) in kiwi fruit; the OC pesticide procymidone (0.32) and carbendazim (0.5) in grapes; 3H-carbofuran (5.0) in apricots; the OC pesticides captan (0.013) and thiabendazole (0.63) in pears; captan (0.035) in plums; and carbendazim (0.4) in mandarin oranges. The levels of 3H-carbofuran found in both apricots and kiwi fruit exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) of the United Nations. The daily intakes of pesticides by the different population groups are discussed in light of the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intakes.

Dietary intake of pesticides: State of Kuwait total diet study.

The State of Kuwait conducted a total diet study (TDS) to determine the dietary intakes of selected pesticides. This paper reports the results of this study. A national food consumption survey was performed and core food lists for different population groups were established representing the total diet of the Kuwaiti population. Food items (table-ready) were purchased/prepared and analysed for their contents of organophosphate/organochlorine carbamate, benzimidazole and phenylurea pesticides according to the US FDA Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM I). Dietary intakes of these pesticides are presented for 19 population groups, which range from infants to elderly adults. The intakes of selected population groups are compared with representative findings from the US FDA/TDS and data published from other countries. In general, the average daily intakes were well below acceptable limits, but higher than those reported from developed countries.

Twenty-four-hour intravenous and oral tracer studies with L-[1-13C]-2-aminoadipic acid and L-[1-13C]lysine as tracers at generous nitrogen and lysine intakes in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: This is a continuation of investigations of the relations between amino acid kinetics and amino acid dietary requirements in healthy adults. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the 24-h pattern and rate of the metabolism of an L-[1-13C]-2-aminoadipic acid ([13C]AAA) tracer and of whole-body L-[1-13C]lysine ([13C]lysine) oxidation and balance in healthy, young adults receiving a generous intake of lysine. DESIGN: Thirteen healthy adults were given an adequate, L-amino acid-based diet supplying 77 mg lysine x kg(-1) x d(-1) for 6 d before the tracer studies. Two subjects received [13C]AAA intravenously and 2 received it orally; 3 subjects received [13C]lysine intravenously and 6 received it orally. We measured 13CO2 output, plasma [13C]AAA and [13C]lysine enrichment, and urinary [13C]AAA. RESULTS: [13C]AAA oxidation was estimated to be higher after the orally administered than after the intravenously administer tracer; plasma [13C]AAA was similar to urinary [13C]AAA. Whole-body lysine oxidation showed a rhythm that was induced by meal feeding. The intravenous [13C]lysine tracer gave mean estimates of lysine balances (lysine intake minus oxidation) that apparently were too low (-15.7 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) or too high (16.6 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), P < 0.05 from zero balance) on the basis of urinary [13C]AAA or plasma [13C]lysine estimates of oxidation, respectively. For the orally administered tracer and plasma [13C]lysine enrichment, the mean balance was slightly positive (8.7 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), P < 0.05 from zero). CONCLUSIONS: Use of urinary [13C]AAA as an index of the enrichment of the precursor pool did not appear to significantly improve the estimate of the fasting and feeding components of daily lysine balance. For estimates of daily, whole-body lysine oxidation, we propose use of plasma [13C]lysine with a 24-h, orally administered tracer protocol.