Insight into Structural Changes and Electrochemical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Nanostructured Ferritic and Austenitic Stainless Steels.

Nanostructured ferritic (Fe(82-x)-Cr18-Six, x = 0-3 wt %) and austenitic (Fe(73-x)-Cr18-Ni9-Six, x = 0-3 wt %) stainless steel (SS) alloys were developed by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The unit cell parameter estimated from X-ray diffraction spectra exhibited a decreasing trend with an increase in wt % of Si content in both alloy systems. The particle size of powders estimated using bright field transmission electron microscopy images for ferritic (3 wt % Si) and austenitic (3 wt % Si) SS powders was found to be 65 ± 5 nm and 18 ± 3 nm, respectively. In case of the ferritic system, 3 wt % Si exhibited the highest densification (~98%) and micro-hardness of about 350.6 ± 11.2 HV, respectively. Similarly, for the austenitic system (3 wt % Si), maximum densification and micro-hardness values were about 99% and 476.6 ± 15.2 HV, respectively. Comparative analysis of potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicates an increase in electrochemical performance of both alloy systems as the wt % Si was increased. The increase in electrochemical performance is directly related to the increase in densification owing to Si addition in these alloys.

Porous Al2O3-CNT Nanocomposite Membrane Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering with Tailored Microstructure and Properties for Water Treatment.

Ceramic-based nanocomposite membranes are gaining great attention in various applications, such as water treatment; gas separation; oil and gas, amid their superior fouling resistance and remarkable chemical/thermal stability. Here, we report for the first time the use of spark plasma sintering (SPS) process to fabricate a porous alumina-carbon nanotubes (Al2O3-CNT) nanocomposite membrane for water treatment. The challenge is this work is to achieve a balance between the amount of porosity, desired for a high water flux, and the membrane strength level, required to resist the applied pressure during a water flow experiment. The effect of SPS process parameters (pressure, temperature, heating rate, and holding time) on the microstructure and properties of the developed membrane was investigated and correlated. A powder mixture composed of Al2O3 and 5 wt % CNT was prepared with the addition of starch as a pore former and gum Arabic and sodium dodecyl sulfate as dispersants. The powder mixture was then sintered using SPS to produce a solid but porous nanocomposite membrane. The structure and microstructure of the developed membrane were characterized using X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The performance of the membrane was assessed in terms of porosity, permeability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the adsorption capability of the membrane was performed by evaluating its removal efficacy for cadmium (II) from water. The microstructural analysis revealed that CNT were distributed within the alumina matrix and located mainly along the grain boundaries. The permeability and strength were highly influenced by the sintering pressure and temperature, respectively. The results indicated that the membrane sintered at a pressure of 10 MPa, temperature of 1100 °C, holding time of 5 min, and heating rate of 200 °C/min exhibited the best combination of permeability and strength. This developed membrane showed a significant removal efficiency of 97% for cadmium (II) in an aqueous solution.

Recent Advances in the Processing and Properties of Alumina⁻CNT/SiC Nanocomposites.

An alumina-based nanocomposite is fabricated through the addition of secondary nanophase material to an alumina matrix to alter and tailor the properties of alumina. The addition to alumina of semi-conductive materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC), and high conductive materials, such as carbon nanotubes with a characteristic size in the nanometer range, can alter the mechanical strength, hardness, toughness, and electrical and thermal properties of alumina. This paper discusses recent advances in the synthesis of alumina⁻SiC and alumina-carbon nanotube (CNT) nanopowders and their consolidation using conventional and non-conventional techniques. Mechanical (hardness, fracture toughness and flexural strength) and functional (thermal and electrical) properties are discussed. The influence of the microstructure on the properties of alumina⁻SiC and alumina⁻CNT nanocomposites is discussed. Furthermore, potential applications and current related research trends are described.

Water droplet on inclined dusty hydrophobic surface: influence of droplet volume on environmental dust particles removal.

A water droplet's behavior on an inclined hydrophobic surface in the presence of environmental dust particles is considered and the droplet's dynamics are analyzed pertinent to self-cleaning applications. A polycarbonate wafer is crystallized using the solution-crystallization method to generate hierarchically distributed micro/nano-sized spherules and pillars on the surface. To improve the wetting state and lower the contact angle hysteresis, functionalized silica particles are synthesized and, later, deposited on the crystallized surface. Environmental dust particles are collected and characterized in terms of elemental composition, size and shape. A high-speed camera is used to monitor a water droplet's behavior on the inclined hydrophobic surface with and without the presence of dust particles. The influence of droplet volume on the dust particle removal rate from the inclined hydrophobic surface is assessed. It is found that the functionalized silica particles deposited on the surface result in a droplet contact angle in the order of 158 ± 2° and contact angle hysteresis of 2 ± 1°. The water droplet mainly rolls on the inclined hydrophobic surface and the sliding velocity remains almost 13% of the transverse velocity of the droplet. Droplet wobbling is influenced by the dust particles and the droplet size; in which case, increasing the droplet volume enhances the droplet puddle thickness on the hydrophobic surface. The cloaking of the droplet fluid onto the dust particles causes mixing of the dust particles with the droplet fluid while enhancing the particle removal from the hydrophobic surface. Increasing the droplet volume slightly enhances the size of the area of the cleaned surface.

Correction: Water droplet on inclined dusty hydrophobic surface: influence of droplet volume on environmental dust particles removal.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C8RA10092F.].

Mobility of A Water Droplet on Liquid Phase of N-Octadecane Coated Hydrophobic Surface.

A water droplet behavior on the liquid n-octadecane film is investigated. The coating of hydrophobic surface by N-octadecane film provides exchange of wetting state on the surface. The polycarbonate surface is crystallized and the functionalized silica particles are placed on the resulting surface prior to thin film coating of n-octadecane. A high-speed camera is used to monitor dynamic characteristics of the droplet on the inclined film. The findings reveal that deposition of thin n-octadecane film on hydrophobic surface results in reversibly exchange of the wetting state at the surface, which remains hydrophobic when n-octadecane film is in solid phase while it becomes hydrophilic when n-octadecane film liquefies. Droplet transition velocity predicted agrees well with the experimental data. Sliding mode of the water droplet governs droplet transition on the liquid surface. Droplet pinning force, due to interfacial tension, dominates over the other retention forces including drag and shear.

Water Droplet Dynamics on a Hydrophobic Surface in Relation to the Self-Cleaning of Environmental Dust.

The dynamic motion of a water droplet on an inclined hydrophobic surface is analyzed with and without environmental dust particles on the surface. Solution crystallization of a polycarbonate surface is carried out to generate a hydrophobic surface with hierarchical texture composed of micro/nanosize spheroids and fibrils. Functionalized nanosize silica particles are deposited on the textured surface to reduce contact angle hysteresis. Environmental dust particles are collected and characterized using analytical tools prior to the experiments. The droplet motion on the hydrophobic surface is assessed using high-speed camera data, and then, the motion characteristics are compared with the corresponding analytical results. The influence of dust particles on the water droplet motion and the amount of dust particles picked up from the hydrophobic surface by the moving droplet is evaluated experimentally. A 40 µL droplet was observed to roll on the hydrophobic surface with and without dust particles, and the droplet slip velocity was lower than the rotational velocity. The rolling droplet removes almost all dust particles from the surface, and the mechanism for the removal of dust particles from the surface was determined to be water cloaking of the dust particles.

Reversible exchange of wetting state of a hydrophobic surface via phase change material coating.

Reversible exchange of the wetting state of a hydrophobic surface is examined. Solution crystallization of a polycarbonate surface is carried out to form hierarchically distributed micro/nano size spherules and fibrils on the surface. Although the solution crystallized surface has hydrophobic characteristics, the contact angle hysteresis remains high. Functionalized silica particles are deposited on the crystallized polycarbonate surface to improve the droplet contact angle and lower contact angle hysteresis. The liquid film of n-octadecane with 1.5 µm thickness is formed on the functionalized silica particles deposited crystallized surface, which results in hydrophilic surface characteristics. The n-octadecane film solidifies upon reducing the temperature on the surface and solid flakes of n-octadecane are formed. This arrangement changes the surface wetting state to hydrophobic. Liquefaction and solidifying of the n-octadecane film at the functionalized silica deposited surface gives rise to reversible exchange of surface wetting state. This behavior is attributed to exposure of emerging functionalized silica particles to the free surface in the region of the solid n-octadecane flakes. The water droplet is cloaked by the liquid n-octadecane while forming a ridge around the droplet. In this case, the water droplet becomes mobile at the surface because flow develops in the n-octadecane liquid film at the onset of liquefaction.

Environmental dust removal from inclined hydrophobic glass surface: avalanche influence on dynamics of dust particles.

The removal of environmental dust particles from optically transparent glass surfaces is considered, and the dynamics of the dust particles on the inclined hydrophobic glass surface is examined. The glass surfaces are coated by functionalized nano-sized silica particles to create a hydrophobic wetting state on the surface. A thin layer of environmental dust particles, collected from the local area of Dammam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is deposited on the surface while mimicking the dust accumulation on the surfaces in the dusty days of KSA. In order to increase the removal rate of the dust particles from the inclined hydrophobic glass surfaces, high density particles, which are higher than the density of the dust particles, are locally distributed on the dust particle-deposited surface while generating the avalanche influence on the inclined surface. The motion of the dust and high density particles on the inclined surface is monitored using a high speed camera. The predictions of the dust particles' acceleration and velocity are compared to those obtained from the high speed camera data. It is found that the predictions of velocity and acceleration of the dust particles agree well with the experimental data. Local insertion of the high density particles generates avalanche influence on the inclined surface while initiating the removal of the dust particles from the hydrophobic surface at small inclination angles. The size of the area where the dust particles are removed from the inclined surface increases with enlarging coverage area of the high density particles. The dust-removed surface, under the avalanche influence, improves the UV-visible transmittance of the hydrophobic glass.

Electrochemical Corrosion and In Vitro Bioactivity of Nano-Grained Biomedical Ti-20Nb-13Zr Alloy in a Simulated Body Fluid.

The bioactivity and the corrosion protection for a novel nano-grained Ti-20Nb-13Zr at % alloy were examined in a simulated body fluid (SBF). The effect of the SPS's temperature on the corrosion performance was investigated. The phases and microstructural details of the developed alloy were analyzed by XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). The electrochemical study was investigated using linear potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a SBF, and the bioactivity was examined by immersing the developed alloy in a SBF for 3, 7, and 14 days. The morphology of the depositions after immersion was examined using SEM. Alloy surface analysis after immersion in the SBF was characterized by XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). The results of the bioactivity test in SBF revealed the growth of a hydroxyapatite layer on the surface of the alloy. The analysis of XPS showed the formation of protective oxides of TiO2, Ti2O3, ZrO2, Nb2O5, and a Ca3(PO4)2 compound (precursor of hydroxyapatite) deposited on the alloy surface, indicating that the presented alloy can stimulate bone formation. The corrosion resistance increased by increasing the sintering temperature and the highest corrosion resistance was obtained at 1200 °C. The improved corrosion protection was found to be related to the alloy densification. The bioactivity and the corrosion resistance of the developed nanostructured alloy in a SBF renders the nanostructured Ti-20Nb-13Zr alloy a promising candidate as an implant material.

Environmental dust effects on aluminum surfaces in humid air ambient.

Environmental dusts settle on surfaces and influence the performance of concentrated solar energy harvesting devices, such as aluminum troughs. The characteristics of environmental dust and the effects of mud formed from the dust particles as a result of water condensing in humid air conditions on an aluminum wafer surface are examined. The dissolution of alkaline and alkaline earth compounds in water condensate form a chemically active mud liquid with pH 8.2. Due to gravity, the mud liquid settles at the interface of the mud and the aluminum surface while forming locally scattered patches of liquid films. Once the mud liquid dries, adhesion work to remove the dry mud increases significantly. The mud liquid gives rise to the formation of pinholes and local pit sites on the aluminum surface. Morphological changes due to pit sites and residues of the dry mud on the aluminum surface lower the surface reflection after the removal of the dry mud from the surface. The characteristics of the aluminum surface can address the dust/mud-related limitations of reflective surfaces and may have implications for the reductions in the efficiencies of solar concentrated power systems.

Surface Characteristics of Silicon Nanowires/Nanowalls Subjected to Octadecyltrichlorosilane Deposition and n-octadecane Coating.

In this study, nanowires/nanowalls were generated on a silicon wafer through a chemical etching method. Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) was deposited onto the nanowire/nanowall surfaces to alter their hydrophobicity. The hydrophobic characteristics of the surfaces were further modified via a 1.5-µm-thick layer of n-octadecane coating on the OTS-deposited surface. The hydrophobic characteristics of the resulting surfaces were assessed using the sessile water droplet method. Scratch and ultraviolet (UV)-visible reflectivity tests were conducted to measure the friction coefficient and reflectivity of the surfaces. The nanowires formed were normal to the surface and uniformly extended 10.5 µm to the wafer surface. The OTS coating enhanced the hydrophobic state of the surface, and the water contact angle increased from 27° to 165°. The n-octadecane coating formed on the OTS-deposited nanowires/nanowalls altered the hydrophobic state of the surface. This study provides the first demonstration that the surface wetting characteristics change from hydrophobic to hydrophilic after melting of the n-octadecane coating. In addition, this change is reversible; i.e., the hydrophilic surface becomes hydrophobic after the n-octadecane coating solidifies at the surface, and the process again occurs in the opposite direction after the n-octadecane coating melts.

Influence of dust and mud on the optical, chemical, and mechanical properties of a pv protective glass.

Recent developments in climate change have increased the frequency of dust storms in the Middle East. Dust storms significantly influence the performances of solar energy harvesting systems, particularly (photovoltaic) PV systems. The characteristics of the dust and the mud formed from this dust are examined using various analytical tools, including optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies, X-ray diffraction, energy spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adhesion, cohesion and frictional forces present during the removal of dry mud from the glass surface are determined using a microtribometer. Alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds in the dust dissolve in water to form a chemically active solution at the glass surface. This solution modifies the texture of the glass surface, thereby increasing the microhardness and decreasing the transmittance of the incident optical radiation. The force required to remove the dry mud from the glass surface is high due to the cohesive forces that result from the dried mud solution at the interface between the mud and the glass. The ability altering the characteristics of the glass surface could address the dust/mud-related limitations of protective surfaces and has implications for efficiency enhancements in solar energy systems.

Fabrication and Assessment of Crumb-Rubber-Modified Coatings with Anticorrosive Properties.

Scrap tires continue to be a major source of waste due to the lack of valuable and effective disposal routes. A viable solution to this problem is to recycle crumb rubber (CR)-a granulated material derived from scrap tires-and use it to develop other valuable products. Herein we report the fabrication and characterization of CR-modified coatings with anticorrosive properties on metal substrates. By varying the particle size and concentration of CR, we have determined the coating composition that offers the highest level of erosion protection. Images from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveal that CR is homogenously dispersed in the coating, especially when fine particles are used. As the concentration of CR increases, the hardness of the coating decreases as a result of the elastic properties of CR. More importantly, the erosion rate of the coating decreases due to increased ductility. Following Potentiodynamic tests, the utilization of these coatings proved to be beneficial as they showed good protection against aqueous corrosion when tested in 0.5 M NaCl solution. Our newly developed coatings offer an incentive to recycling CR and open up a safe and sustainable route to the disposal of scrap tires.

Matrix Structure Evolution and Nanoreinforcement Distribution in Mechanically Milled and Spark Plasma Sintered Al-SiC Nanocomposites.

Development of homogenous metal matrix nanocomposites with uniform distribution of nanoreinforcement, preserved matrix nanostructure features, and improved properties, was possible by means of innovative processing techniques. In this work, Al-SiC nanocomposites were synthesized by mechanical milling and consolidated through spark plasma sintering. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) facility was used for the characterization of the extent of SiC particles' distribution in the mechanically milled powders and spark plasma sintered samples. The change of the matrix crystallite size and lattice strain during milling and sintering was followed through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The density and hardness of the developed materials were evaluated as function of SiC content at fixed sintering conditions using a densimeter and a digital microhardness tester, respectively. It was found that milling for 24 h led to uniform distribution of SiC nanoreinforcement, reduced particle size and crystallite size of the aluminum matrix, and increased lattice strain. The presence and amount of SiC reinforcement enhanced the milling effect. The uniform distribution of SiC achieved by mechanical milling was maintained in sintered samples. Sintering led to the increase in the crystallite size of the aluminum matrix; however, it remained less than 100 nm in the composite containing 10 wt.% SiC. Density and hardness of sintered nanocomposites were reported and compared with those published in the literature.

Characterization of Nanoreinforcement Dispersion in Inorganic Nanocomposites: A Review.

Metal and ceramic matrix composites have been developed to enhance the stiffness and strength of metals and alloys, and improve the toughness of monolithic ceramics, respectively. It is possible to further improve their properties by using nanoreinforcement, which led to the development of metal and ceramic matrix nanocomposites, in which case, the dimension of the reinforcement is on the order of nanometer, typically less than 100 nm. However, in many cases, the properties measured experimentally remain far from those estimated theoretically. This is mainly due to the fact that the properties of nanocomposites depend not only on the properties of the individual constituents, i.e., the matrix and reinforcement as well as the interface between them, but also on the extent of nanoreinforcement dispersion. Therefore, obtaining a uniform dispersion of the nanoreinforcement in the matrix remains a key issue in the development of nanocomposites with the desired properties. The issue of nanoreinforcement dispersion was not fully addressed in review papers dedicated to processing, characterization, and properties of inorganic nanocomposites. In addition, characterization of nanoparticles dispersion, reported in literature, remains largely qualitative. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of characterization techniques used to evaluate the extent of nanoreinforcement dispersion in inorganic nanocomposites and critically review published work. Moreover, methodologies and techniques used to characterize reinforcement dispersion in conventional composites, which may be used for quantitative characterization of nanoreinforcement dispersion in nanocomposites, is also presented.