Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Addressing the current and future therapeutic advances along with the role of Sotatercept in the management of pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and debilitating lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lungs. The cause of IPF is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for IPF, and treatment is focused on slowing disease progression and relieving symptoms. AIMS: We aimed in this review to investigate and provide the latest insights into IPF management modalities, including the potential of Saracatinibas a substitute for current IPF drugs. We also investigated the therapeutic potential of Sotatercept in addressing pulmonary hypertension associated with IPF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature review of relevant studies on IPF management. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science. RESULTS: The two Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for IPF, Pirfenidone, and Nintedanib, have been pivotal in slowing disease progression, yet experimental evidence suggests that Saracatinib surpasses their efficacy. Preclinical trials investigating the potential of Saracatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have shown to be more effective than current IPF drugs in slowing disease progression in preclinical studies. Also, Sotatercept,a fusion protein, has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve exercise tolerance in patients with PH associated with IPF in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: The advancements discussed in this review hold the promise of improving the quality of life for IPF patients and enhancing our understanding of this condition. There remains a need for further research to confirm the efficacy and safety of new IPF treatments and to develop more effective strategies for managing exacerbations.

Occipital artery: Anatomical variations and neurosurgical applications.

Background: The occipital artery (OA) is a branch of the external carotid artery. It gives rise to several cutaneous, muscular, and meningeal branches to supply different anatomical areas. The implication of OA in the neurosurgical field is well-established in the literature. Our aim in this study is to draw a complete picture of the anatomical variations and neurosurgical applications of the OA. Methods: A literature review was conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed to review the studies discussing OA, its anatomical variation, and neurosurgical applications. Results: We identified 29 articles that discuss the anatomical variations and neurosurgical applications of the OA. Certain variables are used to describe the surgical anatomy of OA. We also discussed certain applications of OA and its importance in neurosurgical bypass, embolization, and aneurysms. Conclusion: Comprehending the anatomy of the OA is crucial for neurosurgeons to safely and effectively perform procedures such as bypass and embolization. In addition, knowledge of the anatomical variations of the OA can help surgeons anticipate potential challenges and tailor their approach accordingly.