Physical and Mental Health Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to assess the rates of depression, anxiety, and stress and quality of sleeping among COVID-19 patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A case and control design has been employed, involving patients affected by COVID-19 infection (884 with T2DM vs. 884 controls without T2DM) and hospitalized in Istanbul (Turkey) from January to December 2021. A multivariate stepwise regression approach was used to test the associations between sociodemographic, metabolic, serum markers, mental health scores, and T2DM/COVID-19 patients' clinical presentation. A statistically significant difference between T2DM and non-T2DM was found with respect to age, gender, BMI (body mass index), smoking, physical exercise, and physical comorbidities as well as levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and sleeping disorders (0.0003 ≤ all p = 0.025). With regard to serum biomarkers, vitamin D and ferritin were identified as useful parameters of reduction of glycated hemoglobin as well as COVID-19 infection among T2DM patients. This study detected that 25% of patients with COVID-19 and T2DM experienced mental distress, with sleeping disturbances and lifestyle changes markedly impacting their clinical outcome alongside metabolic and serum parameters.

Epidemiological impact of public health interventions against diabetes in Qatar: mathematical modeling analyses.

Aims: To predict the epidemiological impact of specific, and primarily structural public health interventions that address lifestyle, dietary, and commuting behaviors of Qataris as well as subsidies and legislation to reduce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) burden among Qataris. Methods: A deterministic population-based mathematical model was used to investigate the impact of public health interventions on the epidemiology of T2DM among Qataris aged 20-79 years, which is the age range typically used by the International Diabetes Federation for adults. The study evaluated the impact of interventions up to 2050, a three-decade time horizon, to allow for the long-term effects of different types of interventions to materialize. The impact of each intervention was evaluated by comparing the predicted T2DM incidence and prevalence with the intervention to a counterfactual scenario without intervention. The model was parameterized using representative data and stratified by sex, age, T2DM risk factors, T2DM status, and intervention status. Results: All intervention scenarios had an appreciable impact on reducing T2DM incidence and prevalence. A lifestyle management intervention approach, specifically applied to those who are categorized as obese and ≥35 years old, averted 9.5% of new T2DM cases by 2050. An active commuting intervention approach, specifically increasing cycling and walking, averted 8.5% of new T2DM cases by 2050. Enhancing consumption of healthy diets including fruits and vegetables, specifically a workplace intervention involving dietary modifications and an educational intervention, averted 23.2% of new T2DM cases by 2050. A subsidy and legislative intervention approach, implementing subsidies on fruits and vegetables and taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages, averted 7.4% of new T2DM cases by 2050. A least to most optimistic combination of interventions averted 22.8-46.9% of new T2DM cases by 2050, respectively. Conclusions: Implementing a combination of individual-level and structural public health interventions is critical to prevent T2DM onset and to slow the growing T2DM epidemic in Qatar.

Assessment of Overweight, Obesity, Central Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes among Adolescents in Qatar: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Qatar has a high obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) burden. This study aimed to (1) determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and T2DM in 13-17-year-old adolescents and (2) evaluate associations with adolescents' lifestyle and breastfeeding history, parental weight, and familial T2DM history. A cross-sectional study (double-stage cluster sampling) was conducted in 2018-2020 using a self-administered parental and adolescent questionnaire. In the results, 23.4% of the adolescents (107/459) were overweight; 19.9% (91/459) were obese; and 37.6% (171/459) had evidence of central obesity. Random blood sugar (RBS) was suggestive of prediabetes (≥140 mg/dL) for 23 (5.0%) adolescents and T2DM (≥200 mg/dL) for none. In multivariable analysis, obesity was significantly associated with no breastfeeding (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.09-9.26) compared to breastfed adolescents for ≥6 months, with first-degree family history of T2DM (OR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.22-4.27), with maternal obesity (OR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.01-5.70), and with acanthosis nigricans in adolescents (OR = 19.8; 95% CI: 8.38-46.9). Central obesity was significantly associated with maternal obesity (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.14-4.27) and with acanthosis nigricans (OR = 3.67; 95% CI: 1.88-7.18). Acanthosis nigricans (OR = 4.06; 95% CI: 1.41-11.7) was the only factor associated with elevated RBS. Addressing future disease burden among adults in Qatar will require extensive health and well-being programs, focused on healthy lifestyles and behaviors such as nutritious diets, physical activity, stress management, and self-care.

A diabetes risk score for Qatar utilizing a novel mathematical modeling approach to identify individuals at high risk for diabetes.

We developed a diabetes risk score using a novel analytical approach and tested its diagnostic performance to detect individuals at high risk of diabetes, by applying it to the Qatari population. A representative random sample of 5,000 Qataris selected at different time points was simulated using a diabetes mathematical model. Logistic regression was used to derive the score using age, sex, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity as predictive variables. Performance diagnostics, validity, and potential yields of a diabetes testing program were evaluated. In 2020, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.79 and sensitivity and specificity were 79.0% and 66.8%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were 36.1% and 93.0%, with 42.0% of Qataris being at high diabetes risk. In 2030, projected AUC was 0.78 and sensitivity and specificity were 77.5% and 65.8%. PPV and NPV were 36.8% and 92.0%, with 43.0% of Qataris being at high diabetes risk. In 2050, AUC was 0.76 and sensitivity and specificity were 74.4% and 64.5%. PPV and NPV were 40.4% and 88.7%, with 45.0% of Qataris being at high diabetes risk. This model-based score demonstrated comparable performance to a data-derived score. The derived self-complete risk score provides an effective tool for initial diabetes screening, and for targeted lifestyle counselling and prevention programs.

Assessment of the Role of Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Level on Coronary Heart Disease Risk With Stratification Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

We investigated the role of vitamin D on glycemic regulation and cardiac complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 1139 patients (49.3% males vs 50.7% females) were included. Information on sociodemographic lifestyle, family history, blood pressure (BP), and coronary heart disease (CHD) complications was collected. Significant differences were found between males and females regarding age-groups (P = .002), body mass index (BMI; P = .008), physical activity (P = .010), sheesha smoking (P = .016), cigarette smoking (P = .002), hypertension (P = .050), metabolic syndrome (P = .026), and CHD (P = .020). There were significant differences between vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency in relation to age-group (P = .002), income (P = .002), waist circumference (P = .002), hip circumference (P = .028), waist-hip ratio (P = .002), and BMI (P = .002). Further, mean values of hemoglobin, magnesium, creatinine, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, uric acid, and diastolic BP were significantly higher among patients with vitamin D deficiency compared with those with insufficiency and sufficiency. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that 25-hydroxy vitamin D, 25(OH)D, HbA1c, waist circumference, uric acid, duration of T2DM, total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic BP, and BMI were strong predictor risk factors for CHD among patients with T2DM. The present study supports that 25(OH)D may have a direct effect on CHD and on its risk factors.

Does Ramadan fasting have effects on sleep, fatigue and blood pressure among patients with hypertension?

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on blood pressure (BP), fatigue, sleeping and physical activity among hypertensive patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2019 to July 2019. Of the total 1500 hypertensive patients approached, 1118 (74.5%) gave their consent. Data analysis included sociodemographics, lifestyle habits, anthropometric measurements and clinical biochemistry parameters at baseline, and after 3 months. RESULTS: Out of 1118 subjects, 593(47.6%) were male and 653(52.4%) were female. There were statistically significant differences between males and females regarding age groups in years, educational level, occupational status, income, smoking habits, physical exercise, sports activities and fatigue. There were statistically significant differences for the biochemistry parameters regarding vitamin D, blood glucose, HbA1c level, creatinine, bilirubin, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, uric acid and SBP for both males and females after the holy month of Ramadan as compared to before Ramadan. Also, BMI was significantly lower during the after month of Ramadan as compared to before Ramadan (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis results revealed that less hours of sleeping (P < 0.001), SBP (mmHg) (P < 0.001), DBP (mmHg) (P < 0.001), family size (P = 0.002), obesity BMI (kg/m2) (P = 0.013), fatigue (P = 0.022) and smoking cigarette (P = 0.029) were identified as statistically significant predictors of hypertensive patients with Ramadan fasting as contributing at higher risk factors. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that fasting during Ramadan has no effect on the BP, blood glucose, HbA1C level, sleep quality, fatigue and BMI among hypertensive patients.

Sleeping disturbances and predictor risk factors among type 2 diabetic mellitus patients.

Background: Sleep disturbance is a major health issue among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) has been the most widely used instrument to measure subjective sleep disturbance. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of sleeping factor structure of the PSQI as potential predictor for glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) among people living with T2DM in the Turkish community to facilitate its use in the clinical practice and research. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and participants were between the age group of 25 and 65 years old who visited the diabetes and endocrinology department of Mega Medipol University Teaching Hospital, Istanbul. The PSQI was conducted on 871 patients with T2DM. Good sleep quality was defined as PSQI score <5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the associated risk factors for the T2DM. Results: The current study showed significant differences between male and female patients with respect to their age in years, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), physical activity, smoking habit, sheesha smoking, income, family history of metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), and PSQI. The results revealed significant differences between HbA1c ≤7 and females and HbA1c >7 T2DM patients with respect to gender, BMI (kg/m2), CHD, and PSQI. The study demonstrated significant differences between sleeping categories PSQI as good, average, and poor sleeping among T2DM patients with respect to age and gender. Meanwhile, significant differences were reported between sleeping categories among T2DM patients with respect to their: number of sleeping hours, wake-up time, sleeping time, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This study showed very strong statistically significant correlations between low HbA1c and poor sleep quality in patients with T2DM patients, including subjective sleep quality r = 0.763, sleep latency r = 0.327, sleep duration r = 0.472, habitual sleep efficiency r = 0.575, sleep disturbances r = 0.564, use of sleep medication r = 0.728, and daytime dysfunction r = 0.734. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that Vitamin D (mmol/L) (P < 0.001), HbA1c (P < 0.001), duration of DM (P < 0.001), uric acid (mmol/L) (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure mmHg (P = 0.006), diastolic blood pressure mmHg (P = 0.015), and BMI (P = 0.024) were considered at higher risk as the predictors for sleeping quality among T2DM patients. Conclusion: The results suggest a strong positive correlation between PSQI with HbA1c levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, age, BMI, among type 2 diabetic patients. This study ascertains that poor sleep quality may be due to elevated level of HbA1c, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, and/or hypertension.

RésuméObjectif: Le but de cette étude était de déterminer l'impact de la structure du facteur de sommeil du PSQI en tant que prédicteur potentiel de l'HbA1C chez les personnes vivant avec le DT2 dans la communauté turque afin de faciliter son utilisation dans la pratique clinique et la recherche. Méthodes: Il s'agit d'une étude transversale et les participants étaient âgés de 25 à 65 ans et ont visité le service de diabète et d'endocrinologie du Mega Medipol University Teaching Hospital d'Istanbul. Le PSQI a été mené sur 871 patients atteints de DT2. Une bonne qualité de sommeil a été définie comme un score PSQI <5. Une analyse de régression logistique multivariée a été utilisée pour estimer les facteurs de risque associés au T2DM. Résultats: la présente étude a montré des différences significatives entre les hommes et les femmes en ce qui concerne leur âge en années, l'IMC (kg / m2), l'activité physique, le tabagisme, le tabagisme, le revenu, les antécédents familiaux de syndrome métabolique, les maladies coronariennes ( CHD) et PSQI. Les résultats ont révélé des différences significatives entre l'HbA1C≤7 et les femmes et l'HbA1C> 7 patients T2DM en termes de sexe, d'IMC (kg/m2), de maladie coronarienne (CHD) et de PSQI. L'étude a démontré des différences significatives entre les catégories de sommeil PSQI comme bon, moyen et mauvais sommeil chez les patients T2DM en ce qui concerne l'âge et le sexe.. Une analyse de régression logistique par étapes multivariée a révélé que la vitamine D (mmol / L) (P <0,001), l'HbA1c (P <0,001), la durée de la DM (P <0,001), l'acide urique (mmol / L) (P <0,001), la systolique La pression artérielle mmHg (P = 0,006), la pression artérielle diastolique mmHg (P = 0,015) et l'IMC (P = 0,024) étaient considérées comme présentant un risque plus élevé comme prédicteurs de la qualité du sommeil chez les patients atteints de DT2.Conclusion: Les résultats suggèrent une forte corrélation positive entre le PSQI avec les niveaux d'HbA1C, la pression artérielle systolique et diastolique, l'âge, l'IMC, chez les patients diabétiques de type 2. Cette étude établit qu'une mauvaise qualité de sommeil peut être due à un niveau élevé d'HbA1C, au syndrome métabolique, au diabète, à l'obésité et / ou à l'hypertension.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Several conducted studies have reported a higher and more frequent Helicobacter pylori infection rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and its association between H. pylori infection and T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case and control study was conducted based on 529 T2DM patients and 529 control. H. pylori was assessed by Serum anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA. Furthermore, patients were investigated for fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum cholesterol, and other biochemistry parameters. RESULTS: The findings showed a positive significantly higher antibody titer for H. pylori infection (IgA > 250) in diabetic patients (50.7%) compared to controls (38.2%) (P < 0.001). Similarly, H. pylori infection for IgG > 300 titer was higher in T2DM patients (73.5%) compared to controls 61.8%) (P < 0.001). Further, the mean values were statistically significant diabetes with H. pylori infection for IgG > 300 titer and IgA > 250 titer, regarding Vitamin D, HbA1C (P < 0.001), FBG, calcium, creatinine, total cholesterol, LHDL, triglyceride levels, uric acid, bilirubin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The diabetic patients showed higher prevalence rate of symptoms than controls included: hypertension (14.3%), vomiting (15.5%), muscular symptoms (35.2%), bloating/distension (13.2%), abdominal pain (17%), nausea (9.6%), anemia (17%), kidneys (20.8%), chronic bronchitis (14.7%), gastrointestinal (23.8%), and diarrhea (20.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The current study revealed that H. pylori infections were significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to controls. Furthermore, T2DM patients infected with H. pylori positive reported a higher prevalence rate of symptoms than H. pylori negative.

The prevalence of restless legs syndrome and comorbid condition among patient with type 2 diabetic mellitus visiting primary healthcare.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending primary healthcare. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study and participants were between 25 and 70 years old who visited the diabetes and endocrinology department of Mega Medipol University Teaching Hospital, Istanbul. The diagnosis of RLS was performed according to the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group consensus criteria. The RLS and PSQI instruments were conducted on 871 patients with T2DM. Good sleep quality was defined as PSQI score <5. RLS severity was assessed by the Restless Legs Syndrome-6 Scales (RLS-6). The scale development and validation was carried out using Rasch measurement model. RESULTS: The prevalence of RLS was 22.8% including 60.3% of females and 39.7% of males. This study showed significant differences between RLS and no RLS patients with respect to their age (years), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), physical activity, smoking habit, sheesha smoking, income, and sleeping quality with PSQI. Also, the analysis presented that statistically significant differences between both RLS and no RLS reported sleep complaints including difficulty falling asleep, inadequate sleep, anytime fatigue, and leg discomfort. There were statistically significant differences between RLS and no RLS patients regarding hypoglycemia, numbness in legs, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy high blood pressure, depression, stroke, anemia, diabetic foot, ulcer, arthritis, respiratory disease, metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences between RLS and no RLS concerning the number of sleeping hours, wake-up time (AM), sleeping time (PM), BMI (kg/m2), HbA1c, vitamin D, calcium, creatinine, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, uric acid, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg). CONCLUSION: This study confirms positive relation and high prevalence of RLS among patients with T2DM visiting primary healthcare. The results suggest that physical activity is associated with a better perception of functional capacity and pain in diabetic patients with RLS, and thus a more active lifestyle should be encouraged.

Vitamin D and Elevated Serum Uric Acid as Novel Predictors and Prognostic Markers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

AIM: To ascertain the active role of uric acid and vitamin D as potential biomarkers for impaired glucose metabolism among people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Turkish community. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was based on 680 patients with T2DM and 680 healthy subjects aged between 25 and 70 years, who visited the diabetes and endocrinology department of Istanbul Mega Medipol University Teaching Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, during January 2016 to April 2018. The investigated biochemical indices included lipid profiles (low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglyceride [TG]), uric acid, blood pressure (BP), serum creatinine, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), postprandial glucose, and any related comorbidities. RESULTS: This study reported significant differences between family history duration of patients with T2DM of ≤5 and >5 years when compared to that of control subjects with respect to body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, sheesha smoking, income, family history of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and nephropathy. Similarly, significant differences were found between patients with T2DM (with family history T2DM duration of less than 5 years and more than 5 years in contrast to healthy subjects' level of LDL, TG, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, systolic BP (SBP), bilirubin, albumin, magnesium, potassium, calcium, number of sleeping hours, and TSH. We uncovered the correlation between serum uric acid level with the clinical biochemical indices related to T2DM: serum calcium (r = 0.336), magnesium (r = 0.272), potassium (r = 0.205), HbA1c (r = 0.638), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.486), bilirubin (r = 0.251), albumin (r = 0.285), LDL (r = 0.322), TG (r = 0.434), diastolic BP (DBP) (r = 0.392), SBP (r = 0.344), BMI (r = 0.482), waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.366), age (r = 0.217), number of sleeping hours (r = 0.275), and TSH (r = 0.445). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression showed that variables, such as serum vitamin D, uric acid, TSH, HbA1c, DBP, WC, BMI, and SBP, were considered at higher risk as significant (P < 0.001) predictors for T2DM. CONCLUSION: The results suggest strong positive correlation between serum uric acid level with BP (SBP and DBP), age, BMI, and WC among patients with T2DM. This study ascertains that an increase in uric acid level may be due to elevated level of HbA1c, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, and/or hypertension.

Preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus in Qatar by reducing obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity: mathematical modeling analyses.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of reducing the prevalence of obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity, and introducing physical activity as an explicit intervention, on the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using Qatar as an example. METHODS: A population-level mathematical model was adapted and expanded. The model was stratified by sex, age group, risk factor status, T2DM status, and intervention status, and parameterized by nationally representative data. Modeled interventions were introduced in 2016, reached targeted level by 2031, and then maintained up to 2050. Diverse intervention scenarios were assessed and compared with a counter-factual no intervention baseline scenario. RESULTS: T2DM prevalence increased from 16.7% in 2016 to 24.0% in 2050 in the baseline scenario. By 2050, through halting the rise or reducing obesity prevalence by 10-50%, T2DM prevalence was reduced by 7.8-33.7%, incidence by 8.4-38.9%, and related deaths by 2.1-13.2%. For smoking, through halting the rise or reducing smoking prevalence by 10-50%, T2DM prevalence was reduced by 0.5-2.8%, incidence by 0.5-3.2%, and related deaths by 0.1-0.7%. For physical inactivity, through halting the rise or reducing physical inactivity prevalence by 10-50%, T2DM prevalence was reduced by 0.5-6.9%, incidence by 0.5-7.9%, and related deaths by 0.2-2.8%. Introduction of physical activity with varying intensity at 25% coverage reduced T2DM prevalence by 3.3-9.2%, incidence by 4.2-11.5%, and related deaths by 1.9-5.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Major reductions in T2DM incidence could be accomplished by reducing obesity, while modest reductions could be accomplished by reducing smoking and physical inactivity, or by introducing physical activity as an intervention.

Effect of ramadan fasting on glycemic control and other essential variables in diabetic patients.

Background: Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan is a religious obligation for all Muslims who represent 1.8 billion of the world population (24%). This study explores the effect of Ramadan fasting on the blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, sleeping quality, and essential lifestyle parameters and also explores the safety of fasting for a whole month among diabetic patients. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of Ramadan fasting on the blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, sleeping quality, and lifestyle parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Turkey. Subjects and Methods: A total of 1780 diabetic patients were approached, and 1246 (70%) participated in this cross-sectional study carried out during the period from May 27, 2017, to June 24, 2017. Data analysis comprised sociodemographic features, lifestyle habits, blood pressure measurements, serum lipid profiles, serum calcium, Vitamin D 25-hydroxy, uric acid, and HbA1c at before 4 weeks and after 12 weeks from Ramadan. Results: Out of 1246 patients, 593 (47.6%) were male and 653 (52.4%) were female. The mean ± standard deviation age of the patients was 50.39 ± 15.3 years. Males were significantly older than females (51.53 ± 12.56 vs. 49.26 ± 14.4; P = 0.003, respectively). Significant differences were found in Vitamin D, blood glucose, HbA1c level, creatinine, bilirubin, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (female), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (male), uric acid, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure after and before the holy month of Ramadan (P < 0.05 for each). HbA1c (P < 0.001), physical activity (P < 0.001), hours of sleeping (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (BP) (mmHg) (P = 0.007), BMI (P = 0.016), diastolic BP (mmHg) (P = 0.018), family history (P = 0.021), and smoking (P = 0.045) were identified as significantly associated with Ramadan fasting as contributing factors. Conclusion: In one of the largest studies of its kind, we show that Ramadan fasting has positive effects on T2DM patients as it reduces their blood pressure, blood glucose, HbA1C, and BMI. Furthermore, there are improvements in the duration of sleep and physical activity, the role of Ramadan fasting in diabetes therapy has been confirmed.

RésuméContexte: Le jeûne pendant le mois sacré du Ramadan est une obligation religieuse pour tous les musulmans qui représentent 1,8 milliard de personnes dans le monde population (24%). Cette étude explore l'effet du jeûne du Ramadan sur la glycémie, l'hémoglobine glyquée (HbA1c), le profil lipidique, qualité de sommeil, et les paramètres essentiels de style de vie et explore également la sécurité du jeûne pour un mois entier chez les patients diabétiques. But: Le but de la présente étude était d'évaluer l'impact du jeûne du Ramadan sur la glycémie, l'HbA1c, le profil lipidique, le sommeil paramètres de qualité et de style de vie chez les patients atteints de diabète sucré de type 2 (DT2) en Turquie. Sujets et méthodes: Un total de 1780 patients diabétiques ont été approchés, et 1246 (70%) ont participé à cette étude transversale réalisée au cours de la période Du 27 mai 2017 au 24 juin 2017. L'analyse des données comprenait des caractéristiques sociodémographiques, des habitudes de vie, des mesures de la tension artérielle, les profils sériques des lipides, le calcium sérique, la vitamine D 25-hydroxy, l'acide urique et l'HbA1c avant 4 semaines et après 12 semaines de Ramadan. Résultats: Sur 1246 patients, 593 (47,6%) étaient des hommes et 653 (52,4%) étaient des femmes. L'âge moyen ± écart-type des patients était de 50,39 ± 15,3 ans. Les mâles étaient significativement plus âgés que les femelles (51,53 ± 12,56 contre 49,26 ± 14,4, P = 0,003, respectivement). Important différences ont été trouvées dans la vitamine D, la glycémie, le taux d'HbA1c, la créatinine, la bilirubine, l'albumine, le cholestérol total, les triglycérides, la densité lipoprotéine-cholestérol (femelle), lipoprotéine-cholestérol de basse densité (mâle), acide urique et tension artérielle systolique et diastolique après et avant le mois sacré du Ramadan (P <0,05 pour chacun). HbA1c (P < 0,001), activité physique (P <0,001), heures de sommeil (P <0,001), tension artérielle systolique (TA) (mmHg) (P = 0,007), IMC (P = 0,016), TA diastolique (mmHg) (P = 0,018), antécédents familiaux (P = 0,021), et le tabagisme (P = 0,045) a été identifié comme étant significativement associé au jeûne du Ramadan en tant que facteurs contributifs. Conclusion: Dans l'un des les plus grandes études de son genre, nous montrons que le jeûne du Ramadan a des effets positifs sur les patients atteints de DT2 car il réduit leur tension artérielle, le sang glucose, HbA1C et BMI. En outre, il y a des améliorations dans la durée du sommeil et de l'activité physique, le rôle du jeûne du Ramadan dans la thérapie du diabète a été confi rmée. Mots-clés: Indice de masse corporelle, diabète sucré, hémoglobine glyquée, jeûne du Ramadan, qualité de sommeil.

Low Vitamin D Deficiency Associated With Thyroid Disease Among Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and thyroid diseases among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: This was a cohort case and control study, 546 T2DM patients and 546 control study participants were enrolled, aged between 25 and 65 years. The subjects were also investigated for fasting blood glucose levels (FBG), post prandial glucose (PPG,) glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T3, T4, and presence of other comorbid conditions. Thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy was suggested to patients whose thyroid nodules were greater than 1.00 cm. RESULTS: There were significant differences between T2DM patients and control subjects regarding BMI (kg/m2), physical activity, cigarette smoking, sheesha smoking, family history of diabetes, hypertension and family history of thyroid nodules. The clinical biochemistry values among T2DM for vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorous, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, HbA1c, HLDL, LDL, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were lower than control subjects, but higher in creatinine, albumin, TSH, T3, and T4 which appeared statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). Also, the study revealed statistically significant differences between subjects vitamin D deficiency and with thyroid nodules for calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, HbA1c, high density lipoprotein (HDL), SBP and DBP, TSH, T3, and T4 among T2DM patients and control subjects (P < 0.001). Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that TSH, HbA1c, vitamin D deficiency, SBP (mm Hg), BMI, family history of DM, serum calcium level and family history of thyroid were considered at higher risk as predictors of thyroid among T2DM patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that obesity, HbA1c, the environment, and genetic susceptibility among T2DM, may increase the risk of thyroid disease and cancer. Although evidence has shown that thyroid cancer incidence has been rising more rapidly over time than the occurrence of cancers of other sites, due to an increase of obesity, diabetes and lack of physical activity, this study lacks of direct evidence supporting this conclusion.

Interaction between diabetes mellitus and hypertension on risk of hearing loss in highly endogamous population.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hearing loss and its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a highly endogamous population. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. SETTING: The present study is carried out in Ear Nose Throat (ENT) and Endocrinology outpatient clinics of the Hamad General and Rumeilah Hospitals, Hamad Medical Corporation. SUBJECTS: All subjects aged between 20 and 59 years who visited the Endocrinology and ENT outpatient clinics of the Hamad Medical Corporation with hearing difficulty were included in this study during the period from January 2013 to July 2014. METHOD: During the study period, prevalence, hearing, audiological test, family history and medical problems associated with hearing impairment in middle aged patients were recorded. Two audiometers Grason Stadler GSI 61 and Madsen Orbiter 922 were used to evaluate the hearing loss. RESULT: Majority of the hearing loss observed at the age above 45 years old, (44.8% vs 51.7%, p=0.05). The prevalence of hearing impairment was higher in Qataris than in non-Qataris (59.7% vs 46.6%, p<0.001). The consanguineous marriages were observed higher in Hearing loss (32.1%) than in normal hearing (21.8%) (p=0.028). The mean of diabetes onset duration (7.8±4.12years), sleeping disorder (5.81±1.29h), obese subjects (38% vs 27.4%); family history of diabetes (30.6 vs 23.1%) were higher among hearing impairment. The associated risk factors were significantly higher in T2DM with hearing loss, hypoglycemia (32.8% vs 27.4%), retinopathy (313% vs 18.5%), Nephropathy (17.9% vs 9.8%), Neuropathy (17.9% vs 10.2%), macro-vascular disease (11.9% vs 6.2%), diabetic foot ulcer (20.9% vs 12.6%), Tinnitus (68.7% vs 51.3%), and Vertigo (25.4% vs 16.9%) than in normal hearing diabetes. There was a statistically significant differences between hearing impairment and normal hearing among T2DM regarding hearing assessment frequency (p=0.041). There were statistically significant differences between hearing impairment versus normal hearing for vitamin D [18.91±7.65ng/mL vs 22.85±9.00ng/mL; p<0.001], calcium [1.80±0.12ng/mL vs 1.96±0.14mmol/L; p<0.001], magnesium [0.80±0.09mmol/L vs 0.8±0.14mmol/L; p<0.001], phosphorous [1.42±0.30mmol/L vs 1.56±0.26mmol/L; p<0.001], ceatinine [1.42±0.30mmol/L vs 1.56±0.26mmol/L; p<0.001], cholesterol [4.92±1.08mmol/L vs 4.40±1.01mmol/L; p=0.035], LDL [1.92±0.88mmol/L vs 2.09±0.92mmol/L; p=0.024], albumin [43.1±6.10mmol/L vs 39.8±7.93mmol/L; p=0.010], systolic blood pressure [135.8±16.6Hg vs 130.2±12.5Hg; p=0.017] and, diastolic blood pressure [85.1±9.2mmHg vs 83.0±7.9mmHg; p=0.012]. There were highly statistically significant differences between hearing impairment versus normal for both side right and left ear frequency in Db unit (p<0.001). The multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that head ache (p<0.001), family history of DM (p<0.001), sleep disturbance (p<0.001), high blood pressure (p=0.006), consanguinity (p=0.010), nationality (p=0.014), age in years (p=0.025), and sheesha smokers (p=0.045) were considered at higher risk as a predictors of hearing loss among diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: The current study results confirm previous reports that adults with DM and hypertension associated showed greater hearing impairment in highly endogamous population… Diabetic patients with hearing loss were likely to have high blood glucose and other risk factors like hypertension, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy.

The role of vitamin D, obesity and physical exercise in regulation of glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.

AIM: The aims of this study were to determine the role of vitamin D, obesity and physical exercise in the regulation of glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in a highly consanguineous population. DESIGN: Case and control study. SETTING: The survey was carried out at the Hamad General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) centers in the State of Qatar. SUBJECTS: The study was conducted from November 2012 to June 2014 among subjects above 30 years of age. Of the 2224 registered with diagnosed diabetes and free diseases attending Hamad General Hospital and PHC centers agreed and gave their consent to study. METHODS: Questionnaire included socio-demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), consanguinity, lifestyle habits, family history of diabetes, blood pressure and development of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were collected at regular intervals throughout the follow-up. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed. RESULTS: There were statistically significant difference between patients with diabetic and control in terms of ethnicity (p=0.012), level of education (p=0.002), occupation (p<0.001), monthly income (p<0.001), BMI(p=0.024), sport activity (p=0.018), cigarette smoking (p<0.001), consanguinity (p=0.029) and family history of Diabetes Mellitus (p<0.001) and co-morbidity hypertension (p=0.041). Further, the biochemistry values in the studied subjects with T2DM compared to healthy controls and the study revealed that serum Vitamin D, BMI, fasting glucose level, calcium, HbA1c, total cholesterol HDL, LDL, bilirubin, triglycerides, uric acid and blood pressure systolic and diastolic were higher in T2DM compared to their counterparts. Multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency ng/mL, Family History of T2DM, BMI (kg/m2) hypertension, consanguinity, income, mother occupation, ethnicity, educational level and Lack of physical exercise variables were significant predictors of diabetes. In the group of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 39.3% as opposed to 51.2% in the control group had vitamin D deficiency, 25(OH) D3 levels≤10ng/ml (p<0.001). In the group of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 34.6% as opposed to 37.9% in the control group had vitamin D insufficiency, 25(OH)D3 levels <20ng/ml (p < 0.001). In the group of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 22.8% as opposed to 14.2% in the control group had vitamin D sufficiency, 25(OH)D3 levels >30 10ng/ml (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D, family history of diabetes, consanguinity marriages' and hereditary gene-environment interactions and physical exercise may also contribute to the current diabetes epidemic in Qatari's Arab populations.

A study of diabetes complications in an endogamous population: an emerging public health burden.

AIM: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of diabetic complications namely neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy among Qatari's DM patients; and to find associations between these complications and socio-demographic and clinical characteristics in a highly consanguineous population. DESIGN: It is an observational cohort study. SETTING: The survey was carried out at the Hamad General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) centers in the State of Qatar. SUBJECTS: The study was conducted from May 2011 to January 2013 among Qatari nationals above 20 years of age. Of the 2346 registered with diagnosed diabetes attending Hamad General Hospital and PHC centers, 1633 (69.3%) agreed and gave their consent to take part in this study. METHODS: Questionnaire included socio-demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), consanguinity, lifestyle habits, family history of diabetes, blood pressure and development of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were collected at regular intervals throughout the follow-up. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed. RESULTS: Out of 1633 diabetic patients, 842 (51.6%) were males. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy 12.4% and retinopathy was 12.5% followed by neuropathy 9.5% among diabetic population. The proportion of diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy were significantly higher among diabetic patients with age 60 years and above as compared to younger age groups (p=0.010). Nephropathy was significantly higher among male diabetic (p=0.014) and smokers (p<0.001) while diabetic neuropathy was more common among diabetic hypertensive patients (p=0.028). Multivariate logistic regression showed that Age (p=0.025), being male (p=0.045), and having high blood pressure (p=0.006) were significant predictors of diabetic neuropathy. For diabetic retinopathy, family history of DM (p<0.001), consanguinity (p=0.010), having high blood pressure (p=0.042) and physical activity (p<0.001) were significant predictors of diabetic retinopathy. Meanwhile, for diabetic nephropathy, age (p<0.001), smoking (p=0.045), physical activity (p<0.001) hypertension (p<0.001) and gender (p=0.012) were the significant predictors. CONCLUSION: Diabetes exerts a significant burden in Qatar, and this is expected to increase. Many diabetic patients face significant challenges accessing diagnosis and treatment, which contributes to the high morbidity and mortality and prevalence of complications observed. The significant interactions between diabetes and associated complications highlight the need and opportunity for health planners to develop integrated responses to communicable and non-communicable diseases.

The potential impact of family history of metabolic syndrome and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: In a highly endogamous population.

AIM: This study aims to determine the potential impact of positive family history of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among two generations, on developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and the potential relation of consanguineous marriage among patients with MetS to the risk of developing T2DM among a sample of Qataris. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary healthcare (PHC) centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey and measurement were conducted from April 2011 to December 2012 among Qatari nationals above 20 years of age. Of the 2,182 subjects, who were approached to participate in the study, 1,552 (71%) gave their consent. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) as well as International Diabetes Federation (IDF). RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of MetS was 26.2% according to ATP III and 36.9% according to IDF (P < 0.0001). The mean age of MetS patients with T2DM was significantly higher than those without T2DM (Mean 48 ± 9.9 vs. 42.5 ± 9.2; P < 0.001). The proportion of females was higher among MetS patients with T2DM as compared to those without T2DM (61% vs. 51%; P = 0.053). In addition, there were significant differences between MetS patients with and without DM in terms of co-morbidities of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and high cholesterol. The proportion of MetS patients with positive family history for MetS was significantly higher in MetS patients with T2DM as compared to those without T2DM (46.7% vs. 33.8%; P = 0.009). The proportion of positive family history of MetS among fathers (35% vs. 21.9%; P = 0.005), mothers (30.5% vs. 18.8%; P = 0.008), maternal aunt (18.3% vs. 11.2%; P = 0.055), and maternal grand father (19.5% vs. 10%; P = 0.010) were significantly higher in MetS patients with T2DM as compared to the counterpart. The proportion of consanguineous marriages was almost two times higher among MetS patients with T2DM as compared to those without T2DM (80.9% vs. 41.9%; P < 0.001). The proportion of MetS patients with T2DM was lower than MetS patients without DM below 45 years, but after 45 years, the proportion of MetS patients with T2DM remained higher than their counterparts. CONCLUSION: Family history of MetS among parents, maternal aunt, maternal grandfather, and consanguineous marriages among patients of MetS are significantly associated with the development of T2DM in Qatar. These results support the necessity of earlier screening for T2DM among MetS patients with positive family history of MetS.

A two fold risk of metabolic syndrome in a sample of patients with schizophrenia: do consanguinity and family history increase risk?

BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia are at greater risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and other cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its criteria among patients with schizophrenia (Sz) according to the revised criteria of NCEP ATP III and assess which component contributed to the increased risk of the MetS in schizophrenia patients. DESIGN: This was a matched case-control study. SETTING: Outpatient clinics of the Psychiatry department and Primary Health Care (PHC) Centers of the Supreme Council of Health, State of Qatar. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out among patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy subjects above 20 years old. The study based on matched by age and gender of 233 cases and 466 controls. The survey was conducted from June 2010 to May 2011. Face to face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire followed by laboratory tests. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program - Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III). RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among schizophrenic patients (36.5%) were significantly higher than healthy subjects (18.7%) (p<0.001). The prevalence of MetS in schizophrenic subjects was reported to be two times higher than in the general population. The MetS components were higher among schizophrenic patients than healthy subjects. Among the components of MetS, central obesity (63.9%) was the most common criteria among patients compared to healthy subjects (45.7%) (p<0.001). Schizophrenic patients (27%) were significantly obese than the healthy subjects (13.1%). Female schizophrenia patients were more likely to have three or more metabolic abnormalities compared to men. CONCLUSION: The study indicated that metabolic syndrome was highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. The female gender was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The identification and clinical management of this high risk group is of great importance.

Comparison of Cost-Effectiveness, Safety, and Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Versus Atorvastatin, Pravastatin, and Simvastatin in Dyslipidemic Diabetic Patients With or Without Metabolic Syndrome.

AIM: The aim of the current study was to determine the efficacy of the 4 most commonly prescribed statins (rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) for managing dyslipidemia among diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cohort observational population-based study conducted at Hamad Medical Hospital and Primary Health Care Centre. The participants were 1542 consecutive diabetes patients who were diagnosed with dyslipidemia and were prescribed any of the indicated statins. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were taken from medical records, and lipid profile at baseline and 2 years after the initiation of statin therapy were retrieved from electronic medical records database (EMR-viewer). Reduction in different lipid profile after 2 years of therapy was compared among different types of statins between patients with and without MetS. RESULTS: Out of total 1542 subjects, 562(36.4%) were diagnosed with MetS using the criteria of International Diabetes Federation. Among those with MetS, 125 were prescribed with atorvastatin, 162 pravastatin, 177 rosuvastatin, and 98 simvastatin. Among those without MetS, 365 used atorvastatin, 172 pravastatin, 345 rosuvastatin, and 98 simvastatin therapies. Among patients with MetS, rosuvastatin therapy resulted in significantly higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol reduction (23%, P = .006; and 20.3%, P = .015, respectively) as compared with other statins. Similarly, significantly higher percentage of patients receiving rosuvastatin therapy were successful in achieving the target of total cholesterol <4 mmol/L and triglycerides <1.7 mmol/L after 2 years (38.4%, P = .012; and 67.2%, P = .010, respectively) as compared with other therapies. In contrast, among patients without MetS, rosuvastatin therapy resulted in highest percentage drop in total cholesterol (20.1%; P = .016) than other statin therapies. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed that rosuvastatin therapy in commonly prescribed doses is the most effective statin for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal achievement and for improving the lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic diabetic patients with and without MetS.