Correction: Evaluation of the Level of Dural Sac Tip in Saudi Population: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32533.].

Evaluation of the Level of Dural Sac Tip in Saudi Population: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

Background For the success of procedures such as caudal block, craniospinal irradiation (CSI), and management of lower back pain and to minimize the risk of dural puncture the exact level of dural sac (DS) termination should be known. Objective The evaluation of DS tip location in the Saudi population and exploring possible significant factors that could be used as predictors in clinical prognosis. Methods A total of 200 patients' lumbar sagittal Weighted T2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study were randomly selected from a single-center hospital in-between 2020 and 2021. The DS tip location was determined by generating a perpendicular line from the longitudinal axis of its termination to the corresponding level. Then naming it after an intervertebral disk or a corresponding vertebrate that is divided into three thirds (upper, middle, and lower). Results In most cases, the level of DS termination is at the middle part of S2 (26.5%), followed by the upper part of S2 (25.1%), and the lower part of S2 (20%). In Saudi nationals, the DS tip was in the middle S2 level at 21.5%, upper S2 level at 19.1%, and lower S2 level at 17%. Factors such as age, sex, cause of referral, and nationality had no statistical significance in relation to DS tip location. Conclusion The DS termination level in the Saudi population ranges from disk between L5-S1 to the lower third of S3. Moreover, nationality, age, and cause of referral were not significant in determining the DS termination level. Therefore, it is still important to individualize patients' treatment by using MRI for each case that requires it.

Rates of cerebrospinal fluid infection and the causative organisms following shunt procedures in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study based on radiological findings.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence of infection following various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt procedures among patients with hydrocephalus and related conditions, based on the age of the patient, and to determine the types of pathogens responsible for shunt infections. Methods: This retrospective single center study reviewed the records of patients with culture-confirmed CSF shunt infection diagnosed between January 2012 and December 2017. Cases without central nervous system imaging investigations were excluded. Results: The incidence rate of shunt-related infections was 32.2%. Among the 189 patients whose records were included, Staphylococcus epidermidis (47.5%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (18%) were the most common causative organisms. The incidence of postoperative infection was higher among those who underwent external ventricular drain procedures (65%) than among those who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures (24%). There were no intraoperative deaths. However, the postoperative death rate was 12.2% during hospital stay (mean duration = 9 days); 2% of these deaths occurred after shunt removal. Conclusion: The incidence of infections after CSF shunt procedures was high in our tertiary academic hospital during the study period, compared to those reported in similar clinical settings and before developing a detailed standardized protocol for infection control. Although gram-negative organisms were the most prevalent cause of CSF infections, S. epidermidis (a gram-positive organism) was the most commonly encountered causative agent. Shunt protocols should be implemented to address perioperative shortcomings and to reduce overall mortality and morbidity.

A ruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysm presenting as tentorial and spinal isolated subdural hemorrhage: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Ruptured intracranial aneurysms are often associated with subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage. However, the prevalence of subdural hemorrhage post aneurysmal rupture is low and rarely reported in scientific studies. Here, we report an unusual case of a ruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysm resulting in an isolated subdural hematoma located in the tentorial and spinal canal without subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case, a 34-year-old woman with no history of trauma or coagulopathy was diagnosed with a subdural hematoma in the tentorium cerebellum tracing to the subdural space of the spinal column. Computed tomography angiography was used to identify the source of the bleeding, which revealed a ruptured left-sided posterior communicating artery saccular aneurysm. The aneurysm was clipped, and the hematoma was evacuated. The patient recovered without any neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a diagnosis of ruptured intracranial aneurysm should be considered in patients with nontraumatic subdural hematoma. Prompt diagnostic imaging and interventional diagnostic procedures are required to ensure proper management of these patients and to avoid unnecessary complications.

Radiological sinonasal anatomy. Exploring the Saudi population.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of common radiological variants of sinonasal anatomy among Saudi population and compare it with the reported prevalence of these variants in other ethnic and population groups.  METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 121 computerized tomography scans of the nose and paranasal sinuses of patients presented with sinonasal symptoms to the Department of Otorhinolarngology, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between January 2014 and May 2014.  RESULTS: Scans of 121 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria were reviewed. Concha bullosa was found in 55.4%, Haller cell in 39.7%, and Onodi cell  in 28.9%. Dehiscence of the internal carotid artery was found in 1.65%. Type-1 and type-2 optic nerve were the prevalent types. Type-II Keros classification of the depth of olfactory fossa was the most common among the sample (52.9%). Frontal cells were found in 79.3%; type I was the most common.   CONCLUSIONS: There is a difference in the prevalence of some radiological variants of the sinonasal anatomy between Saudi population and other study groups. Surgeon must pay special attention in the preoperative assessment of patients with sinonasal pathology to avoid undesirable complications.