ABSTRACT
Introduction Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a condition characterized by the backflow of gastric contents rising through the esophagus, affecting the aerodigestive tract and leading to throat symptoms such as hoarseness, chronic cough, and throat clearing. LPR is recognized as a separate condition from gastroesophageal reflux disease, despite the fact that they both involve the backflow of the stomach contents as their primary pathology. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of LPR within the population of Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using an electronic questionnaire from August to November 2023, involving participants from all five regions of Saudi Arabia. A total of 1140 participants completed the questionnaire, which included the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) to assess the prevalence of LPR. Results LPR was found to be prevalent in 31.2% of the study population, with the most common associated demographics being female gender (p = 0.032) and adults aged 36-45 years (p = 0.006). However, no significant relationship was observed based on region of residence or other demographic factors such as education level or occupation. Conclusion LPR has a high prevalence in the population of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, further research and awareness about this condition are warranted to better understand its impact, improve diagnosis, and develop appropriate management strategies.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is used to evaluate the human tracheobronchial tree because of its unsurpassed ability to visualize the airway and surrounding structures. To establish an ideal animal model for studying subglottic stenosis, we assessed the size and morphology of the normal rabbit's laryngotracheal airway by helical CT. We measured luminal dimensions at the levels of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages and the first, third, and eighth tracheal rings. At all levels, the axial slices were used to calculate the maximum anteroposterior (AP) dimension, transverse dimension, and cross-sectional areas. We measured the tracheal length from the cricoid to the third and eighth tracheal rings on sagittal reformation. We assessed the hyoid, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, and tracheal rings for the presence of calcific or soft tissue densities. We also addressed the presence or absence of pre-epiglottic and paraglottic fat. RESULTS: The mean AP tracheal dimension ± standard deviation (SD) was 8.6 ± 0.5 mm at the arytenoid level, 8.2 ± 0.7 mm at the cricoid level, and 7.7 ± 0.2 mm at the first tracheal ring level. The transverse tracheal dimension ±SD was 5.3 ± 0.1 mm at the arytenoid level, 5.5 ± 0.5 mm at the cricoid level, and 6.1 ± 0.6 mm at the first tracheal ring level. The mean tracheal area ±SD was 35.7 ± 2.2 mm(2) at the arytenoid level, 35.8 ± 5.1 mm(2) at the cricoid level, and 39.2 ± 4.3 mm(2) at the first tracheal ring level. The tracheal length ±SD was 10.7 ± 2.3 mm from the cricoid to the third tracheal ring and 19.1 ± 1.14 mm to the eighth tracheal ring. There was complete calcification of the hyoid in all rabbits. Only two rabbits showed complete thyroid, arytenoid, or tracheal ring calcification. The remaining airway components were otherwise either uncalcified or partially calcified. The uvula, epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold, vallecula, piriform sinus, true/false vocal cords, and pre-epiglottic/paraglottic fat were not seen in any rabbit. CONCLUSIONS: Helical CT investigation provides good, highly definitive anatomic details of the larynx and trachea in rabbits. Such results may be used in further evaluation of the normal airway and in cases of subglottic stenosis.
