ABSTRACT
The concept of self-esteem has been discussed in various disciplines. It is necessary to broaden the conceptualization to reach a better understanding in nursing discipline. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of self-esteem following Walker and Avant's concept analysis method. The concept analysis method consists of eight linear steps. The author addresses the self-esteem phenomenon from a nursing perspective due to its various uses. The analysis helps to expand the knowledge of self-esteem and enhance nursing science. Roy's adaptation model is used as a philosophical scheme to provide a scientific nursing definition.
Subject(s)
Concept Formation , Self Concept , Humans , KnowledgeABSTRACT
In an effort for efficient solar energy harvesting, carbon-doped zinc oxide (C-ZnO) nanoparticles with intriguing properties were synthesized by sonicated sol-gel technique with the aid of activated charcoal. Compared to pure ZnO, the incorporation of carbon has drastically promoted the photocatalytic activity of C-ZnO towards the degradation of phenanthrene under illumination of both UV and sunlight. The characterization of the as-synthesized nanoparticles by scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-vis spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the carbon doping of C-ZnO. The highest degradation rate of phenanthrene was obtained at pH 7 and C-ZnO loading of 0.5 g L-1. Finally, the kinetic studies of the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene by using C-ZnO were well-fitted with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and followed the pseudo-first-order rate expression.
