Guar gum based oral films for hypertensive urgencies.

Guar gum (GG) is a natural film forming biopolymer used as a drug delivery media for Telmisartan (TS). TS is a poorly water-soluble anti-hypertensive agent with low bioavailability.The present work has been hypothesized by converting TS into nanocrystals by high shear homogenisation to enhance the solubility thereby the bioavailability is expected to get enhanced. TS-NC-GG-OF was formulated by solvent casting method using GG by varying the disintegrant ratio.Telmisartan nanocrystals showed particle size of 441.70 ± 35.28 nm, surface charge of -20.86 ± 0.55 mV and reduced crystalline pattern. The amount of TS present per mg ofnanocrystals is 0.33 mg. The developed TS-NC-GG-OF was circular, creamy white colour with desired physicochemical properties. The in vitro release studies performed by beaker model showed an immediate release pattern.This proof of concept specifies that the TS-NC-GG-OF may be a better choice for hypertensive emergencies using the natural excipient Guar gum.

An insight of nanogels as novel drug delivery system with potential hybrid nanogel applications.

Nanogels are cross-linked, nano-sized hydrogels with dimensions ranging from 20 to 200 nm. Nanogel-based nanoplatforms have proven to be an excellent choice for pharmaceutical formulations. Nanosystems have properties that are very useful in polymeric drug delivery applications, and their particular strength is that they have these nanosystemic properties and can thus merge with polymeric materials. Drug-carrier size is designed to be nano-sized in order to maintain optimal stability, resulting in more surface area and interior space. This also allows for a prolonged period of time for loaded pharmaceuticals to circulate. They can be classified by stimuli responsive or non-responsive behavior and type of linkages present in the network chains of gel structure. Nanogel can be synthesized by Photolithographic, modified pullulan, emulsion polymerization reverse microemulsion polymerization inverse miniemulsion polymerization and free radical crosslinking polymerization technique. Hybrid nanogels are different from conventional polymer nanoparticles often employed for drug administration. They can encapsulate bioactive medicines and regulate the release of such medications over time and in particular areas. The hybrid nanogels used to create a specific form of the hybrid, especially one geared towards increasing targeted drug delivery, enhance the effectiveness of ailment treatments, but perhaps the introduction of a multifunctional nanogel-based drug delivery system.

Piperacillin/tazobactum and cefotaxime decrease the effect of beta lactamase production in multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) and their virulence's were contributed more in the multi-drug resistant effect. According to the World Health organization report, it is an emerging thread in developing countries and also comes under first ever critical list. In this context, the current study was concentrated on detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing strain and their antimicrobial susceptibility study of K. pneumoniae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, the multi-drug resistant effect of the K. pneumoniae was identified from specific CLSI guidelines recommended antibiotics by disc diffusion method. Consecutively, the primary ESBL identification test was performed using ceftazidime and cefotaxime, followed by double disc combination and phenotypic confirmation tests using ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. Finally, the minimum inhibition concentration of some important sensitive antibiotics were performed against selected K. pneumoniae was confirmed by micro broth dilution method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The current result was most favorable to selected K. pneumoniae with more multi drug resistant characteristic nature. All the performed antibiotics were almost more sensitive to selected K. pneumoniae. The effective antibiotics of piperacillin was also exhibited more resistant effect against tested bacteria and it cleaved the bacterial enzyme clearly. The present result of primary ESBL identification test result was exhibited with ≤22 mm and ≤27 mm against ceftazidime and cefotaxime were observed respectively. Followed result of double disc combination and phenotypic confirmation experiments results were clearly stated that the selected K. pneumoniae was ESBL producer. The ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid were exhibited with merged zones and ≥5 mm zones around the combination disc when compared with disc alone were observed. All the ESBL detection test results were clearly indicated that the selected K. pneumoniae strain was ESBL producer.

Solubility Enhancement of Methotrexate by Solid Nanodispersion Approach for the Improved Treatment of Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

AIMS: The present work aimed to develop MT loaded solid Nano dispersion by improving its solubility, half-life and bioavailability in biological system thereby this formulation may be afforded economically. BACKGROUND: Small cell lung carcinoma is a type of malignant tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth at lung tissues. The potent anti-cancer drug methotrexate (MT) chosen for the present work is poorly soluble in water (BCS type IV class) with short half-life and hepatotoxic effect. OBJECTIVE: With the concept of polymeric surfactant to improve the solubility along with wettability of drugs, the present work has been hypothesized to improve its solubility using polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP K30) polymer and α- tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) surfactant, thereby the bioavailability is expected to get enhanced. By varying the PVP K30 and TPGS ratios different formulations were developed using emulsification process. METHODS: The developed MT loaded solid nanodispersion was further characterized for its particle size, charge, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in-vitro release behavior etc. Results: The results of FT-IR spectrometric analysis indicated the compatibility nature of MTX, PVPK30 and TPGS. The developed formulations showed spherical morphology, particle size ranging from 59.28±24.2 nm to 169.33±10.85 nm with a surface charge ranging from -10.33 ± 2.81mV to -9.57 ± 1.2 mV. The in vitro release studies as performed by dialysis bag method showed a sustained release pattern as checked by UV Spectrophotometer. Residual solvent analysis for MTXNDs performed by HPLC indicates there is no residual DMSO in the formulation. Transmission electron microscopic image of MTXNDs revealed that the particles are spherical shaped with a solid core structure. Haemolytic assay indicates that the developed formulation is safe for intravenous administration. Cell culture studies in A549 cells indicates the enhanced cytotoxic effect for the developed formulation. CONCLUSION: This proof of study indicates that the developed formulation may have anticancer potential for SCLC treatment.

Anti-platelet Drug-loaded Targeted Technologies for the Effective Treatment of Atherothrombosis.

Atherothrombosis results from direct interaction between atherosclerotic plaque and arterial thrombosis and is the most common type of cardiovascular disease. As a long term progressive disease, atherosclerosis frequently results in an acute atherothrombotic event through plaque rupture and platelet-rich thrombus formation. The pathophysiology of atherothrombosis involves cholesterol accumulation endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, immuno-inflammatory, and apoptotic aspects. Platelet activation and aggregation is the major cause for stroke because of its roles, including thrombus, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque, and sealing off the bleeding vessel. Platelet aggregates are associated with arterial blood pressure and cardiovascular ischemic events. Under normal physiological conditions, when a blood vessel is damaged, the task of platelets within the circulation is to arrest the blood loss. Antiplatelet inhibits platelet function, thereby decreasing thrombus formation with complementary modes of action to prevent atherothrombosis. In the present scientific scenario, researchers throughout the world are focusing on the development of novel drug delivery systems to enhance patient's compliance. Immediate responding pharmaceutical formulations become an emerging trend in the pharmaceutical industries with better patient compliance. The proposed review provides details related to the molecular pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and recent novel formulation approaches to treat atherothrombosis with particular emphasis on commercial formulation and upcoming technologies.

Novel Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Wound Healing.

The sequence of biochemical and cellular responses restoring the integrity of the subcutaneous tissue of the skin is termed as wound healing. Inflammatory cytokine suppression and inflammatory transduction cascades are the major targets for wound healing. Formulations for wound healing should promote neovascularization and angiogenic pathways by increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Medication used for wound healing promotes antiinflammatory associated with anti-bacterial action. In order to boost the effectiveness of current medical treatments, the cutting-edge nanotechnology offers many novel therapies. This review summarized and discussed wound healing, types of wounds, natural materials used for wound healing, metallic nanoparticles and current nano drug delivery systems used for wound healing with special emphasis on the angiogenesis role in the healing of wounds.

Biological macromolecules for ophthalmic drug delivery to treat ocular diseases.

Development of newer drug carrier systems by the researchers has resulted in numerous breakthroughs in the development and manufacturing of ocular products. The ocular bioavailability of drugs at the posterior segment of the eye is a challenging task in the present scenario. Naturally derived macromolecular carriers are widely used to increase the efficacy of ocular drugs. They provide enhanced corneal permeability and retention effect at the surface of cornea for a prolonged period of time. In this regimen the present review focuses towards the major ocular diseases and their prevalence and development of efficient drug carrier systems utilizing various naturally derived macromolecules for improved delivery of drugs to treat ocular diseases.