Coswara: A respiratory sounds and symptoms dataset for remote screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This paper presents the Coswara dataset, a dataset containing diverse set of respiratory sounds and rich meta-data, recorded between April-2020 and February-2022 from 2635 individuals (1819 SARS-CoV-2 negative, 674 positive, and 142 recovered subjects). The respiratory sounds contained nine sound categories associated with variants of breathing, cough and speech. The rich metadata contained demographic information associated with age, gender and geographic location, as well as the health information relating to the symptoms, pre-existing respiratory ailments, comorbidity and SARS-CoV-2 test status. Our study is the first of its kind to manually annotate the audio quality of the entire dataset (amounting to 65 hours) through manual listening. The paper summarizes the data collection procedure, demographic, symptoms and audio data information. A COVID-19 classifier based on bi-directional long short-term (BLSTM) architecture, is trained and evaluated on the different population sub-groups contained in the dataset to understand the bias/fairness of the model. This enabled the analysis of the impact of gender, geographic location, date of recording, and language proficiency on the COVID-19 detection performance.

Clinical Profile and Factors Associated with Adverse Outcomes in Coronavirus Disease 2019-associated Mucormycosis: A Single-centre Study.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an increased incidence of mucormycosis globally. However, the clinical pattern, epidemiologic features and risk factors for adverse outcomes are not well established. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the data from patients hospitalized with proven mucormycosis between April 2021 and August 2021. Patients were managed with a multi-disciplinary approach involving medical, surgical, and comorbidity treatment. The clinical presentation, management details, complications and outcomes, including mortality, were reviewed from clinical records. Results: The mean age of presentation was 53.7 (± 11.8) years, and 88 (84.6%) were men. Of the 104 cases with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, 97 (93.27%) patients had diabetes, and 80.8% had a haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) of ≥6.4% at diagnosis. Seventy percent of diabetes cases experienced steroid-induced hyperglycaemia during treatment. Even with appropriate treatment, 17 (16.35%) patients died. High HbA1c and creatinine levels, presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), need for intensive care unit admission, and orbital evisceration were the risk factors associated with high mortality on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Cox regression analysis revealed that the overall mortality increased by a factor of 12% with each 1 percentage point increase in HbA1c ≥6.4% (hazard ratio 1.12; 95% confidence interval 0.95- 1.31). The mortality risk was even higher when diabetes was associated with CKD (hazard ratio 1.82; 95% confidence interval 0.24-14.00). Conclusion: High HbA1c and creatinine levels, intensive care unit admission, CKD, and aggressive disease requiring orbital evisceration are the predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis. Patients with these risk factors should be managed more actively to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Electrocardiographic Changes in COVID-19 Patients: A Hospital-based Descriptive Study.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection is a multisystem disease not restricted to the lungs. It has a negative impact on the cardiovascular system by causing myocardial damage, vascular inflammation, plaque instability, and myocardial infarction. The presence of myocardial injury is a poor prognostic sign. Electrocardiogram (ECG), a simple bedside diagnostic test with high prognostic value, can be employed to assess early cardiovascular involvement in such patients. Various abnormalities in ECG like ST-T changes, arrhythmia, and conduction defects have been reported in COVID-19. We aimed to find out the ECG abnormalities of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional, hospital-based descriptive study among 315 COVID-19 in-patients who underwent ECG recording on admission. Patients' clinical profiles were noted from their records, and the ECG abnormalities were studied. RESULTS: Among the abnormal ECGs 255 (81%), rhythm abnormalities were seen in 9 patients (2.9%), rate abnormalities in 115 patients (36.5%), and prolonged PR interval in 2.9%. Short QRS complex was seen in 8.3%. QT interval was prolonged in 8.3% of the patients. Significant changes in the ST and T segments (42.9%) were observed. In logistic regression analysis, ischemic changes in ECG were associated with systemic hypertension and respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: In our study, COVID-19 patients had ischemic changes, rate, rhythm abnormalities, and conduction defects in their ECG. With this ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 and limited health resources, ECG-a simple bedside noninvasive tool is highly beneficial and helps in the early diagnosis and management of cardiac injury. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kaliyaperumal D, Bhargavi K, Ramaraju K, Nair KS, Ramalingam S, Alagesan M. Electrocardiographic Changes in COVID-19 Patients: A Hospital-based Descriptive Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(1):43-48.

Characterization of cardiac autonomic function in COVID-19 using heart rate variability: a hospital based preliminary observational study.

OBJECTIVES: The novel corona virus disease, which was initially reported in China in late 2019, has become a global pandemic affecting 330 million cases. COVID-19 affects predominantly the respiratory system, in addition to other organ systems, mainly the cardiovascular system. One of the hypotheses is that virus entering the target cells by binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 affecting hypothalamic pituitary axis could lead to dysautonomia which is measured by heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a non-invasive measure of autonomic function that facilitates identification of COVID-19 patients at the risk of developing cardiovascular complications. So, we aimed to assess HRV in COVID patients and compare between COVID patients and normal controls. METHODS: In a case control design, we compared 63 COVID-19 infected patients with 43 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Along with clinical characterization, heart rate variability was evaluated using ambulatory 5 min ECG in lead II and expressed in frequency and time domain measures. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 49.1 ± 14.2 years and 71 (66.9%) were males. Frequency domain measures high (HF) and low (LF) frequency powers were significantly decreased in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. HF/LF and LF/HF ratios were not different between groups. Time domain measures rMSSD (root mean square of successive RR interval differences) and SDNN (standard deviation of NN intervals) were significantly increased among COVID-19 subjects. COVID-19 infection was associated with increased parasympathetic activity as defined by rMSSD>40 {adjusted odds ratio 7.609 (95% CI 1.61-35.94); p=0.01} and SDNN>60 {adjusted odds ratio 2.620 (95% CI 1.070-6.44); p=0.035} after adjusting for age, gender and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results showed increased parasympathetic tone in COVID patients. Early diagnosis of autonomic imbalance in COVID patients is needed to plan management and limit progression of disease.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Cognitive Performance of Nurses Working in Shift.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep deprivation and altered circadian rhythm affects the cognitive performance of an individual. Quality of sleep is compromised in those who are frequently involved in extended working hours and shift work which is found to be more common among nurses. Cognitive impairment leads to fatigability, decline in attention and efficiency in their workplace which puts their health and patients' health at risk. AIM: To find out the prevalence of sleep deprivation and its impact on cognition among shift working nurses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sleep deprivation among 97 female and three male healthy nurses of age 20-50 years was assessed by Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Cognition was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) questionnaire. Mobile applications were used to test their vigilance, reaction time, photographic memory and numerical cognition. The above said parameters were assessed during end of day shift and 3-4 days after start of night shift. RESULTS: Poor sleep quality was observed among 69% of shift working nurses according to ESS scores. The cognitive performance was analysed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. The MoCA score was found to be lesser among 66% of nurses during night (25.72) than day (26.81). During the night, 32% made more mathematical errors. It was also found that, 71%, 83% and 68% of the nurses scored lesser during night in the Stroop's colour test, vigilance test and memory tests respectively. Thus, impairment in cognitive performance was statistically significant (p<0.001) among shift working nurses. CONCLUSION: Cognitive performance was found to be impaired among shift working nurses, due to poor sleep quality and decreased alertness during wake state. Thus, shift work poses significant cognitive risks in work performance of nurses.

Correlation of Reciprocal Changes and QRS Amplitude in ECG to Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Wall Motion Score and Clinical Outcome in First Time ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

INTRODUCTION: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the simplest tool for diagnosing ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). We can use a12 lead ECG for prognostication purposes also. AIM: The aim of the study was to find out the role of ECG as a prognostic marker in terms of clinical outcome and wall motion abnormality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a prospective study done in PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, from January 2014 to September 2014. Patients aged above 18 years admitted with first episode of ST EMI as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Presence of reciprocal changes and QRS amplitude was measured from ECG. Presence of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (LVD) and wall motion score were calculated from ECG along with clinical outcome during first follow up visit. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Probability was calculated using chi-square test, independent t-test and ANOVA analysis. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were recruited for the study of which six were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. Among 114 patients analysed, 55 had reciprocal changes; 38 of them developed LVD which was statistically significant (p=0.002). Of the 78 patients with Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction (AWMI), 35 had reciprocal changes; 15 (42.9%) of them had NYHA Class 1 symptoms, 14 (40%) had Class II and 4 (11%) had class III symptoms at follow up. The association was statistically significant (p=0.001). Similar statistically significant association was found in patients with Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction (IWMI) who had reciprocal changes and NYHA symptoms at follow up (p=0.004). The mean wall motion score in patients with AWMI and reciprocal changes was 24.83 ± 4.1; whereas, without reciprocal changes was 23.98 ± 3.6; the association was not statistically significant. The mean QRS amplitude of all patients with LVD was 33.25 ±16.34. The association between QRS amplitude and LVD was not statistically significant. The overall mean wall motion score was 24.86 ± 3.91. The association between QRS amplitude and wall motion score was statistically significant (r value = 0.210). The association between QRS amplitude and wall motion score was statistically significant when we analysed AWMI (r= -0.147, p=0.199) and IWMI (r= -0.359, p=0.031) separately. CONCLUSION: ECG can be used as a tool for prognostication in acute STEMI. The presence of reciprocal changes in the ECG can signify poorer outcome on follow up. Lower QRS amplitude can be used as a predictor of larger infarct.

A decade of change in susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative blood culture isolates: a single center study.

BACKGROUND: Gram-negative bacteremia is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Indian hospitals. We hereby describe changing trends in Gram-negative isolates from blood cultures from a single center over a ten-year period. METHODS: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were collected for a total of 4128 non-repetitive blood culture isolates from 2003 to 2013. We analyzed clinically important Gram-negative isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii) and their susceptibility pattern. A. baumannii was studied between 2009 and 2013 only. RESULTS: There was a steady increase in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli (56% to 80%) and an even steeper increase in K. pneumoniae (50% to 81%). Susceptibility to carbapenems fell marginally for E. coli (p = .242) but significantly for K. pneumoniae (p = .000) and P. aeruginosa (.0005). All these changes were seen irrespective of the source of the isolate (outpatient, inpatient and critical care unit - CCU), with a statistically significant fall among CCU isolates of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was more susceptible to carbapenems than beta-lactam /beta-lactamase inhibitors until 2009, but thereafter the pattern reversed. A. baumannii was isolated from the CCU only: 75% were resistant to carbapenems and susceptible only to polymyxin E and tigecycline. CONCLUSION: There was a progressive increase in antimicrobial resistance in isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii isolated from blood cultures. ESBL production was seen in the majority of isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae and E. coli is increasing rapidly. Resistance to even tigecycline and polymyxin E, antibiotics of last resort, has begun to emerge. There is an urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship and other measures to limit worsening of Gram-negative resistance in India.

What is the ultimate goal in acid-base regulation?

It is common to see chapters on acid-base physiology state that the goal of acid-base regulatory mechanisms is to maintain the pH of arterial plasma and not arterial Pco(2) (Pa(CO(2))) or plasma HCO(3). A hypothetical situation in which the Pa(CO(2)) of arterial plasma is 80 mmHg and the plasma HCO(3) concentration is 48 mM is presented and analyzed to get over this misconception. As per the modified Henderson equation, the pH of arterial plasma would be 7.4; however, we explain that this may be associated with intracellular acidosis due to intracellular hypercapnia and that derangement of homeostasis is evident from the occurrence of respiratory depression and, eventually, coma in the patient described. This suggests that the ultimate goal of acid-base regulatory mechanisms is not just the maintenance of the pH of arterial plasma but the maintenance of the steady-state pH of intracellular fluid as well.