Association of breastfeeding duration with the development of non-nutritive habits, and transversal and vertical occlusal alterations in preschool children: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding has multiple nutritional, immunological and psychological benefits, as well as a positive influence on the development of the stomatognathic system. OBJECTIVES: The present study attempted to determine the relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and the development of non-nutritive habits, and transversal and vertical occlusal alterations in preschool children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 155 preschoolers aged 2-5 years from 3 public schools in Lima, Peru. The sample was divided into 2 groups with regard to the duration of breastfeeding: group A (n = 50) included infants that had been breastfed for up to 6 months; and group B (n = 105) included infants that had been breastfed for 6-12 months. Two trained and calibrated dentists evaluated each group, and clinically determined the presence or absence of transversal or vertical occlusal alterations. Likewise, the children's parents or caregivers were consulted to determine the development of non-nutritive habits. RESULTS: A significant association was found between breastfeeding duration and the development of the oral breathing habit; groups A and B showed a prevalence of 30.0% and 16.2%, respectively (p = 0.048). Likewise, breastfeeding duration affected the appearance of oral breathing (OR (odds ratio) = 0.84; 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.74-0.96; p = 0.011). Furthermore, the use of a bottle for more than 24 months significantly influenced the appearance of oral habits (OR = 3.55; 95% CI: 1.20-10.55; p = 0.022) and open bite (OR = 12.12; 95% CI: 1.16-126.31; p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding duration of 6-12 months was shown to be a protective factor in preventing the appearance of oral breathing. Posterior crossbite (PCB), open bite and deep bite seemed not to be influenced by breastfeeding duration. However, the use of a bottle for more than 24 months significantly influenced the appearance of anterior open bite.

Association Between Breastfeeding Type and Duration and the Molar and Facial Characteristics of Preschoolers Aged 2 To 6 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To calculate the association between the type and duration of breastfeeding and the deciduous molar relationship and facial characteristics of preschoolers aged 2 to 6 years. STUDY DESIGN: This crosssectional study included 160 pre-schoolers aged 2 to 6 years old, enrolled in the 2019 academic year from 3 public schools in Data collection involved two phases. The first phase consisted in determining the facial type, anteroposterior and vertical profile, facial dimensions, and the molar relationship between primary second molars. The second phase included interviews with the parents or legal guardians. Children with exclusive breastfeeding and with mixed/artificial feeding (breastfeeding and bottle-feeding, or exclusive artificial bottle-feeding) were included. Chi-square test, t-test, multiple linear regression, and binary logistic regression tests were applied (p<0.05). RESULTS: The facial length, width, and the lower third were greater in the exclusive breastfeeding group than in the mixed/artificial feeding group (3.74mm, p=0.002; 2.06mm, p=0.047; and 2.94mm, p=0.015; respectively). In addition, children with breastfeeding for more than six months showed greater facial length, facial width and lower third (3.20mm, p=0.038; 3.68mm, p=0.006; and 3.57mm, p=0.026; respectively). The duration of exclusive breastfeeding influenced facial width, noting an increase of 3.32mm (p=0.011) if a pre-schooler had exclusive breastfeeding for more than six months. CONCLUSION: There were no significant associations between type and duration of breastfeeding and the molar terminal plane, facial type, or profile. However, facial dimensions were greater in the exclusive breastfeeding group, and when breastfeeding was longer than six months.

Hipomineralización incisivo molar y factores etiológicos ambientales. Revisión de la literatura / Molar incisor hypomineralization and etiological environmental factors. Review of the literature

La etiología de la hipomineralización incisivo-molar (HIM) aún no está totalmente definida, por lo que el objetivo del presente artículo fue hacer una revisión de la literatura de los posibles factores etiológicos asociados. Se realizó una búsqueda inicial en las bases de datos Elsevier, EBSCO, PubMed y Medline usando las siguientes palabras clave: molar incisor hypomineralisation, hypoplasia, dental enamel defects epidemiology, etiology. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés y español, estudios epidemiológicos de casos y controles de HIM, descripción del método de diagnóstico y registro, y descripción del factor asociado, publicados entre 1987 y 2018. Tomando en consideración 40 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de búsqueda. Se dividieron los factores etiológicos encontrados en tres etapas: prenatal, perinatal y posnatal. La causa exacta aún no está del todo definida, pero con base en los estudios tenemos indicios que nos podrían ayudar a prevenir este tipo de defectos. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios longitudinales para poder determinar la etiología exacta de esta alteración en la formación dental, mientras tanto los médicos pediatras y odontopediatras deben estar conscientes que el manejo temprano y adecuado de estas del HIM es importante. (AU)

The etiology of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is not yet fully defined, therefore the objective of this article was to review the literature on the possible associated etiological factors. An initial search was performed in the Elsevier, EBSCO, PubMed and Medline databases using the following keywords: molar incisor hypomineralization, hypoplasia, dental enamel defects epidemiology, and etiology. Articles in English and Spanish were included as well as epidemiological studies of cases and controls of MIH, descriptions of the method of diagnosis and registration, and descriptions of associated factors published between 1987 and 2018. Forty articles met the search criteria. The etiological factors found were divided into three stages: prenatal, perinatal and postnatal. While the cause of MIH has yet to be fully defined, the studies available describe indications to help prevent this type of defects. Nonetheless, more longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the exact etiology of this alteration, and pediatricians and pediatric dentists should take into account the importance of early, adequate management of MIH. (AU)

Alternativa estética y funcional del sector anterior en dentición decidua / Esthetic and functional alternative of the anterior sector in deciduous dentition

El tratamiento odontológico del niño con dentición decidua tiene como fin la preservación e integridad de la cavidad oral. Son muchas las causas que desencadenan la ausencia dentaria. La pérdida prematura de manera individual o múltiple puede generar trastornos como: limitación en funciones básicas, disminución de la longitud de los arcos dentarios, aparición de hábitos incorrectos y llegar al punto de disminuir la autoestima del niño. La prótesis fija con bandas ortodóncicas es una opción para obtener un recurso funcional y estético en niños que son poco colaboradores para usa aparatos removibles. El presente caso tuvo como objetivo preservar el tejido de sostén y mucosa oral; para que de esa manera las funciones de masticación, deglución y fonación no se vean alteradas; proveer una estética armónica dentofacial lo cual evitará la extrusión de los dientes antagonistas al espacio edéntulo y recuperar la autoestima perdida. (AU)

The dental treatment of the child with deciduous dentition is aimed at the preservation and integrity of the oral cavity. There are many causes that tooth absence. The premature loss of individual or multiple ways can generate disorders such as limitation in basic functions, decrease in the length of the dental arches, appearance of incorrect habits and reach the point of diminishing the child's self-esteem. The fixed prosthesis with orthodontic bands is an option to obtain a functional and aesthetic appeal in children who are not very cooperative to use removable appliances.The objective of this case was: to preserve the supporting tissue and oral mucosa; so that in this way the functions of chewing, swallowing and phonation are not altered; provide a dentofacial harmonic aesthetic which will prevent the extrusion of opposing teeth into the edentulous space and recover lost self-esteem. (AU)