Prescribing Patterns of Psychotropic Medications for Common Psychiatric Disorders in a Mental Health Hospital in Tabuk.

INTRODUCTION: Mental health disorders are often chronic and disabling conditions that impact different populations, irrespective of age, cultural background, or socioeconomic status. This study aimed to describe the prescribing pattern of psychotropic medications in patients with psychiatric disorders. METHODS: This research was a retrospective investigation of psychotropic medication prescribing patterns and conducted at Eradah Mental Health Hospital at Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia. The data were extracted from the electronic medical database of adult patients presenting to the outpatient and inpatient clinics of a mental health hospital between 2020 and 2023. The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was identified using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes version 2019 for mental and behavioral disorders (F00 to F99). RESULTS: The electronic medication records of 526 patients were reviewed, of whom 510 (97%) were Saudi nationals, 368 (69.9%) were males, 235 (44.7%) were between 31 and 40 years of age, and 233 (44.3%) were outpatients. The most common psychiatric diagnoses were schizophrenia (33.3%), followed by bipolar affective disorder (16.9%). A total of 2,153 medication orders for psychotropic medications were quantified. Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) were the top prescribed medication classes (1,290, 60%), followed by mood stabilizers (324, 15%). More than one-half of the patients (282, 53.6%) received a combination of antipsychotic and mood stabilizers, and 155 (29.5%) received a combination of antipsychotic and antidepressant medications. No significant differences were observed in prescribing for males and females. CONCLUSION: Schizophrenia was highly prevalent among adult patients who sought mental healthcare. Polypharmacy of psychotropic medication was common depending on the symptoms' severity and comorbid psychiatric diseases.

Taxonomy of the Family Teneriffiidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Anystoidea): Generic Synonymies with the Key to World Species of the Family.

The family Teneriffiidae Thor has an equivocal and patchy generic history due to a lack of proper diagnostic character/s, causing the addition of an over-sufficient number of genera (i.e., nine) for the 28 described species. The present study aimed to resolve those taxonomic uncertainties related to generic divisions and species assignments by thoroughly reviewing all the published literature of the family, identifying key diagnostic character/s for generic divisions while debating on previously used morphological features. In the present research, only two genera, Teneriffia Thor and Parateneriffia Thor, are considered valid genera in the family Teneriffiidae, based on the absence and presence of palpgenu oncophysis, respectively. The previously used other generic diagnostic characters such as coxal setal formula, pectination strength of leg claws, absence or presence of genital papillae, genital discs, and pedal solenidion have been argued for their inconsistencies. A total of four species were synonymized with the closely related species, while additional notes for six poorly described species are given. Moreover, the key to the genera and species of the family Teneriffiidae is provided.

Effect of Different Host Plants on Life Type Characteristics of Three Spider Mite Pests (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae).

The present study evaluated the host plant effect on life type characteristics of three important spider mite pest species, Tetranychus urticae Koch, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), and E. palmatus Attiah (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae), based on both field and laboratory observations. The polyphagous species, T. urticae with complicated web (CW-u) life type, occupying unstable habitats, showed variations in the sites for quiescence (SQ), sites for oviposition (SO), sites for defecation (SD), and webbing density (WD) on different annual/perennial host plants. The SQ, SO, and SD of T. urticae were observed either on the leaf, web threads, or trichomes. Tetranychus urticae constructed the lowest WD on tomato plants and the highest WD on maize/mulberry plants. Two spider mite species of the genus Eutetranychus Banks, the polyphagous E. orientalis and the oligophagous E. palmatus, inhabit stable host plants, depicted in the little web (LW-j) life types with persistency in all characteristics on different plants. It is concluded that polyphagous spider mites have restricted their life types, showing their high adaptability to utilize the resources of different host plants for survival with slight variation in some important life type characteristics.

Does the sampling of date palm fruits help in early detection of date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (Acari: Tetranychidae)?

Early pest detection in an agroecosystem is desired for efficient pest management. A proper sampling plan is thus required with adequate sampling units and a small sample size. The date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus, is a severe pest of date fruits and its early detection is most needed. The present research aimed to identify whether a certain bunch direction or strand position of date fruit bunches could help in the early detection of date palm mite. The research was conducted in two climatic regions of Saudi Arabia, on six date palm cultivars and during four fruiting seasons. The date palm mite population dynamics data were collected from four bunch directions and three strand positions. For early pest detection, the population estimation started from the first appearance of the mite on the fruit bunches in each season, continuing till the first 3 weeks. The results depicted a clumped distribution of date palm mite in all bunch directions and strand positions. There was no significant difference in the mean date palm mite population, neither among three-strand positions nor among the four bunch directions. The mean population over the weeks showed that date palm mite almost equally infested the fruit bunches from all four directions and increased with non-significant differences. It is suggested that the plant parts basally adjacent to fruit bunches should be focused on the early detection of date palm mite.

Tenuipalpus Sensu Lato Donnadieu (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae); New Species Groups, a New Species, and Keys to the World Species.

Four new species groups of the Tenuipalpus sensu lato group are proposed in the present study based on the total number of dorsal opisthosomal setae, namely, carolinensis with ten pairs of setae (214 species), dubinini with nine pairs of setae (33 species), granati with eight pairs of setae (29 species), and barticanus with seven pairs of setae (7 species) Additionally, diagnostic keys to species groups and 273 species of the Tenuipalpus sensu lato are provided. Three species, T. lustrabilis Chaudhri, T. guptai Sadana and Gupta, and T. solanensis Sadana and Gupta, are synonymized with T. punicae Pritchard and Baker. One species, T. rodionovi Chalilova, is suggested as a junior synonym of T. granati Sayed, and eight species, T. chiococcae De Leon, T. costarricensis Salas and Ochoa, T. ephedrae Livschitz and Mitrofanov, T. molinai Evans, T. santae Manson, T. simplychus Cromroy, T. tetrazygiae De Leon, and T. oxalis (Flechtmann), belonging to the carolinensis species group, are not included in the key. Furthermore, a new species of Tenuipalpus sensu lato, T. jazanensis sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on females collected from the Chamaerops spp. (Arecaceae).

A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study on Assessment of Depression in Cardiac Patients.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered the primary cause of mortality in Saudi Arabia and it is one of the major health concerns in the country. Depression can complicate, halt or even exacerbate the process of managing CVDs, making it harder to optimize the patient's condition. The main aim of this study is to assess the depression in cardiac patients. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 257 patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases. The study was conducted in two governmental hospitals in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, from December 2021 to April 2022. Depression was assessed using the Arabic version of the CESD-R questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 44.49 ± 12.99 years. Majority of patients were in the age group of 40-49 years (n = 92, 35.8%). More than half (53.3%) of the samples were female. The prevalence of depression among cardiac patients was 53.3%. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was high among cardiac patients. It is strongly advised that routine examination and management of depression in cardiac patients be included in their regimens.

New subgenera and a new species of the genus Raphignathus Dugès (Prostigmata, Raphignathidae), with taxonomic notes on the genus Neoraphignathus Smiley & Moser.

Four new subgenera in the genus Raphignathus Dugès are hereby proposed: Raphignathus (Raphignathus), subgen. nov., Raphignathus (Monoraphignathus), subgen. nov., Raphignathus (Diraphignathus), subgen. nov., and Raphignathus (Triraphignathus), subgen. nov. These subgenera are diagnosed by the number of setae on the interscutal membrane of females. A new species, R. (D.) neohecmatanaensissp. nov., is described and illustrated based on females collected from Ziziphusspina-christi Mill. (Rhamnaceae). The taxonomic status of the monotypic genus Neoraphignathus Smiley & Moser and three species (R.evidus, R.hsiufui, and R.johnstoni) are discussed. A key to world species of the family Raphignathidae is given.

World species of the subgenus Oligonychus (Reckiella) Tuttle and Baker (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae), diagnostic keys, taxonomic notes, and a new species.

Oligonychus Berlese (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae) is an agriculturally important and the largest genus of spider mites, comprised of 211 species (including new species), two subgenera, four species groups, and 11 species subgroups. The present study comprehensively addressed the morphotaxonomic-based identification of world species of the subgenus Reckiella Tuttle and Baker. Five diagnostic keys were developed for identifying Oligonychus (Reckiella) species belonging to five species subgroups: iseilemae, pritchardi, biharensis, gossypii, and exsiccator. Taxonomic notes are provided on intraspecific variations and some closely related Oligonychus (Reckiella) species representing six species complexes, viz. the afrasiaticus complex, the litchii complex, the pratensis complex, the plegas complex, the sacchari complex, and the tylus complex. One new spider mite species, Oligonychus bahaensis sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Grasses (Poaceae) under the subgenus Reckiella.

Molecular-Based Taxonomic Inferences of Some Spider Mite Species of the Genus Oligonychus Berlese (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae).

DNA barcoding technology using short DNA sequences has emerged as an efficient and reliable tool for identifying, confirming, and resolving closely related taxa. This study used ITS2-rDNA and mtCOI DNA sequences to confirm the identity of eight Oligonychus species, representing 68 spider mite samples, collected mainly from Saudi Arabia (SA) and some from Mexico, Pakistan, USA, and Yemen. The intraspecific nucleotide divergences of the studied Oligonychus species ranged from 0% to 1.2% for ITS2 and 0% to 2.9% for COI. However, the interspecific nucleotide divergences were distinctly higher than the intraspecific ones and ranged from 3.7% to 51.1% for ITS2 and 3.2% to 18.1% for COI. Furthermore, molecular data correctly confirmed the species identity of 42 Oligonychus samples lacking males, including a previously claimed sample of O. pratensis from SA. High genetic variations were detected in two Oligonychus species: O. afrasiaticus (McGregor) (nine ITS2 and three COI haplotypes) and O. tylus Baker and Pritchard (four ITS2 and two COI haplotypes). In addition, ITS2- and COI-based phylogenetic trees confirmed the subdivision of the genus Oligonychus. In conclusion, integrative taxonomic approaches are vital to resolve the closely related Oligonychus species, identify the samples lacking male specimens, and assess phylogenetic relationships within and among species.

A new species of the genus Diptilomiopus Nalepa and a key to diptilomiopid species (Prostigmata; Eriophyoidea; Diptilomiopidae) associated with Moraceae plant family.

The subfamily Diptilomiopinae Keifer and the genus Diptilomiopus Nalepa (Prostigmata; Eriophyoidea; Diptilomiopidae) are recorded for the first time from Saudi Arabia with the description and illustration of a new species, D. bahaensis sp. nov., collected from Ficus carica L. (Moraceae). Additionally, a key to diptilomiopid mite species reported from the plant family Moraceae is provided, along with their distribution and habitus to the host plants.

Health economic burden of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has added a massive economic burden on health care systems worldwide. Saudi Arabia is one of the numerous countries that have been economically affected by this pandemic. The objective of this study was to provide real-world data on the health economic burden of COVID-19 on the Saudi health sector and assess the direct medical costs associated with the management of COVID-19. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on data collected from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 across 10 institutions in eight different regions in Saudi Arabia. The study calculated the direct medical costs of all cases during the study period by using SAS statistical analysis software. These costs included costs directly related to medical services, such as the health care treatment, hospital stays, laboratory investigations, treatment, outcome, and other related care. Results: A total of 5,286 adult patients admitted with COVID-19 during the study period were included in the study. The average age of the patients was 54 years, and the majority were male (79%). Among the COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a general ward, the median hospital length of stay was 5.5 days (mean: 9.18 days), while the ICU stay was 4.2 days (mean: 7.94 days). The total medical costs for general ward and ICU patients were US$ 38,895 and US$ 24,207,296.9, respectively. The total laboratory investigations ranked as the highest-cost services US$ 588,975 followed by treatment US$ 3,886,509.8. Overall, the total cost of all medical services for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 was US$ 51,572,393.4. Conclusion: This national study found that COVID-19 was not only a serious concern for patients but also a serious economic burden on the health care system in Saudi Arabia.

The evaluation of adverse drug reactions in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective observational study.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the type, severity, seriousness, reasons, and outcomes of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the reports submitted to the regional spontaneous ADR database. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted to analyze all the Tabuk Health Affairs hospitals in Saudi Arabia submitted to SFDA from January 2020 to December 2020. The database was structured according to the Saudi ADR form's fields. The Naranjo algorithm was used to assess the causes of the ADRs (sFDA, 2022). Results: For 1 year, 2,349 ADR reports, along with 242 suspected drugs for 4,114 reactions, were submitted to SFDA. We found more males than females had ADRs (56.1% vs. 43.8%, P < 0.05).Antimicrobial drugs (26.9%), hematologic drugs (19.7%), and neuropsychiatric drugs (12.9%) were responsible for most ADRs. Most of the reactions were associated with the use of ciprofloxacin (7.7%), followed by the combination of lopinavir and ritonavir (4.1%). Two deaths resulted from salbutamol and cefazolin use. Based on the results of the Naranjo assessment of causality, cardiovascular events (9.9%) exhibited the highest score (≥9) for a causal relationship with the suspected drugs, followed by dermatological events (9.5%). Conclusions: The spontaneous report database is an important and valuable source of aftermarket authorization safety information. In our study, most drugs used as antimicrobial, cardiovascular, and hematologic therapies were associated with a higher risk of developing severe and serious events. We recommend monitoring and using medications optimally to ensure patient safety.

New Genus and New Subgenera of Camerobiid Mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Camerobiidae) with a Key to World Species of the Genus.

A new genus, Monobius Alatawi and Kamran, is hereby proposed for the two already described species, viz; M. electrus (Zmudzinski) and M. meyerae (Bolland). In addition, the monospecific genus Tillandsobius Bolland is synonymized with the genus Tycherobius Bolland due to variations in the setae number of tibiae I-IV. Further, the genus Neophyllobius Berlese is categorized in two new subgeneric divisions as Neophyllobius Berlese and Monophyllobius Mirza. The number and position of the midventral setae on tarsi I-IV are considered as strong diagnostic generic and subgeneric diagnostic characters. The present study also includes the key to all known species of the genus Neophyllobius. The morphological characters of ten poorly described Neophyllobius species were studied in detail through published literature. The ambiguities in the ventral idiosoma setal notation are highlighted and discussed. It is concluded that two intercoxal setae 3a-4a are always present on small platelets, paired aggenital setae (ag) are present anteriorly and paired genital setae (g) present posteriorly on genital shield. In addition, five records of new species for Saudi Arabia are reported along with re-descriptions of three species.

Evidence for Reconsidering the Taxonomic Status of Closely Related Oligonychus Species in punicae Complex (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae).

To elucidate the taxonomic problems in species delineation within the Oligonychus punicae complex (O. punicae, O. mangiferus, and O. vitis) (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae), we performed morphological and molecular investigations on mite samples, collected from different hosts/countries. Thirty-nine samples of punicae complex, collected from Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia (SA), did not show any considerable morphological differences in females and males. All 39 samples of the punicae complex resembled the original description of O. punicae, while the claimed Mexican O. punicae was distinctively different based on male aedeagus. Molecularly, the low nucleotide diversity ranged from 0% to 2.1% (ITS2-rDNA) and 0% to 1% (COI-mtDNA), and was observed among various DNA sequences of the punicae complex from Egypt, India, Israel, Pakistan, and SA, confirming their identity as one species. The high genetic divergence ranged from 17.2% to 18.8% (ITS2) and 9.2% to 10.2% (COI), observed between the claimed Mexican O. punicae and all other sequences of the punicae complex, indicating that the Mexican sample do not belong to O. punicae. Basing our findings on both morphological and molecular data, we can conclude that O. mangiferus and O. vitis are synonymized with O. punicae. Additionally, this study reveals that the claimed Mexican O. punicae needs to be re-identified.

Phenology and abundance of date palm mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of management practices, fruit season, host habitats (young and old fronds, date fruits and grasses), and temperature on the phenology and abundance of the date palm mite (DPM). The study was conducted in two date palm orchards (two plots each): a managed and an unmanaged plot. The phenology of DPM was assessed based on adult cumulative mite days (ACMDs), while mean mite density was used to assess the mite abundance on different host habitats. The ACMDs and mean mite density were significantly different between managed and unmanaged plots on different host habitats in both fruiting and off-seasons. The date fruits had highest ACMDs during fruiting season. While young fronds had significantly higher ACMDs than on old fronds an grasses during both seasons in both plots.. The temperature and season type significantly affected the mean density of DPM eggs and adults. There was a significant effect of host habitats mean density of DPM eggs and immatures. Based on the adult phenology and abundance of DPM, the mite overwinters in young fronds and aerial offshoots of infested date palm trees. These overwintering DPM caused the seasonal date fruit infestation, each year. Additionally, different phytophagous and predatory mites, which co-occur with DPM, and were found on different host habitats affected the phenology and abundance of DPM. Moreover, the change in DPM body color was related to the host habitat that they fed in. Exceptionally, the brown color of females collected during the winter season could be due to physiological changes due to low temperature. In DPM males collected from different host habitats throughout the study, some morphological variations in the width of the knob, height of the hook, and the angle between the knob axis and dorsal margin of the shaft were also recorded. The results of this study suggest that young fronds and grasses are the suitable sites for DPM survival and overwintering. Hence, the management practices, early in the fruit season and/or during off fruit winter months, should be directed towards these habitats. These could provide efficient reduction in seasonal infestation of DPM.

Two new life types and assessment of web-associated behavioral characteristics of some Oligonychus species on various host plants.

The webbing life type of three spider mite species of the genus Oligonychus was studied based on web-associated behavioral characteristics. All tested Oligonychus species-viz., avocado brown mite, Oligonychus punicae (Hirst), date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor), and banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks)-exhibited a complicated-web (CW) life type on various host plants. A new life type, 'CW-c,' was documented for O. punicae on the adaxial leaf side of Conocarpus erectus L. (Combretaceae). The weaving pattern with guy ropes is spun by the O. punicae female and is associated with stalked eggs; it appeared as a unique character in the CW-life type. Oligonychus afrasiaticus, also showed a new life type, 'CW-d,' when reared on the abaxial side of leaves of four host plants, viz., desert fan palm, maize, sorghum, and sugarcane. Oligonychus afrasiaticus showed a site for quiescence and a site for oviposition as variables, whereas the site for defecation (SD) was a persistent characteristic on all four tested host plants. Oligonychus pratensis showed the characteristics of the sub-type 'CW-u' on the abaxial leaf side of Washingtonia filifera (Lindl.) H. Wendl. (Arecaceae). The SD was a distinguishing behavioral characteristic used to separate O. afrasiaticus from O. pratensis when inhabiting the same host plant, W. filifera.

The genus Oligonychus Berlese (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): taxonomic assessment and a key to subgenera, species groups, and subgroups.

A comprehensive taxonomic assessment of the most agriculturally important and highly diverse spider mite genus, Oligonychus Berlese (Acari: Tetranychidae) was performed. The sub-generic division, species groups, doubtful species, species complexes and the interpretation of a key generic character are discussed. Based on the orientation of the male aedeagus, only two subgenera, namely Oligonychus Berlese (aedeagus downturned) and Reckiella Tuttle & Baker (aedeagus upturned), are valid in the genus Oligonychus. The subgenera Homonychus Wainstein, Metatetranychoides Wainstein, and Wainsteiniella Tuttle & Baker are considered to be synonyms of the subgenus Oligonychus, whereas the subgenus Pritchardinychus Wainstein is proposed as a synonym of the subgenus Reckiella. Moreover, based on female morphological characters, four species groups (coffeae, exsiccator, iseilemae, and peruvianus) and 11 species subgroups (aceris, biharensis, coffeae, comptus, exsiccator, gossypii, iseilemae, peruvianus, pritchardi, smithi, and subnudus) are suggested in the subgenera Oligonychus and Reckiella. Fourteen Oligonychus species are proposed as species inquirendae, and potential cryptic species complexes in the genus Oligonychus are briefly highlighted. It is agreed that the clunal seta h1 is always absent, while the para-anal setae h2 and h3 are always present in the genus Oligonychus. A key to subgenera, species groups, and species subgroups of the genus Oligonychus is provided.

Molecular and phenotypic variations in Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) populations from Saudi Arabia.

The oriental red spider mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) is a major pest of citrus in many countries including Saudi Arabia (SA). The morphological variations among the different populations of E. orientalis were reported. In the present study, phenotypic variations based on 40 different morphological characteristics were evaluated in 10 E. orientalis populations collected from different hosts and regions of SA. Further, ITS2-rDNA sequences were used to confirm the identity of these phenotypically varying populations. Phenotypic variations in all populations were found in the shape and length of dorsal setae, striation pattern between setae d1 and e1, and leg chaetotaxy. The rDNA sequence analysis of these morphologically varying populations resulted in 10 different ITS2 Saudi haplotypes. The phenotypic and genetic variations were more related to the host plants rather than their geographic distribution. The E. orientalis population collected from Phoenix dactylifera was phenotypically distinct and genetically divergent. The populations collected from citrus species were also more phenotypically and genetically related to each other than to populations collected from non-citrus host plants. The haplotypes recovered from Ziziphus sp., Morus sp., and Azadirecta indica from different regions were grouped in the same sub-clade. Further, the ITS2 haplotypes of Saudi E. orientalis recovered from Citrus reticulata from Riyadh and Al Ula were 100% identical to the ITS2 haplotypes recovered from Citrus sp. from Israel. It is concluded that phenotypic variations exist among different populations of E. orientalis inhabiting different host plants. This species should be identified carefully by considering phenotypic intraspecific variations.

BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax Induces Autophagy-Associated Cell Death, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells.

INTRODUCTION: Venetoclax (VCX) is a selective BCL-2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. However, the mechanisms of anti-cancer effect of VCX either as a monotherapy or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents against breast cancer need investigation. METHODS: Breast cancer cell lines with different molecular subtypes (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and SKBR-3) were treated with different concentrations of VCX for indicated time points. The expression of cell proliferative, apoptotic, and autophagy genes was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. In addition, the percentage of MDA-MB-231 cells underwent apoptosis, expressed higher oxidative stress levels, and the changes in the cell cycle phases were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Treatment of human breast cancer cells with increasing concentrations of VCX caused a significant decrease in cells growth and proliferation. This effect was associated with a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic MDA-MB-231 cells and in the expression of the apoptotic genes, caspase 3, caspase 7, and BAX, with inhibition of anti-apoptotic gene, BCL-2 levels. Induction of apoptosis by VCX treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase with inhibition of cell proliferator genes, cyclin D1 and E2F1. Furthermore, VCX treatment increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and the expression level of autophagy markers, Beclin 1 and LC3-II. Importantly, these cellular changes by VCX increased the chemo-sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to doxorubicin. DISCUSSION: The present study explores the molecular mechanisms of VCX-mediated inhibitory effects on the growth and proliferation of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells through the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy. The study also explores the role of BCL-2 as a novel targeted therapy for breast cancer.

The spider mites of the genus Eutetranychus Banks (Acari, Trombidiformes, Tetranychidae) from Saudi Arabia: two new species, a re-description, and a key to the world species.

Two new species of the genus Eutetranychus Banks are described and illustrated based on adult females and males, E.spinosus sp. n. from Indigoferaspinosa Forssk (Leguminosae), E.neotransversus sp. n. from Juniperusprocera Hochst. ex Endl. (Cupressaceae), and E.palmatus Attiah, 1967 is redescribed from Washingtoniarobusta H. Wendl. (Arecaceae). Additionally, the intraspecific morphological variations within E.orientalis populations, collected from 28 various host plants and 80 different localities from six regions of Saudi Arabia from 2009 to 2017, are discussed and presented. The genus Eutetranychus is divided into two species groups based on the presence of one seta (orientalis group) or two setae (banksi group) on coxa II. In addition, seven Eutetranychus species are suggested as synonyms of E.orientalis (Klein, 1936) and E.papayensis Iqbal & Ali, 2008 is considered as species inquirenda. A key to all known species of the genus Eutetranychus is provided.