Homologous recombination as a mechanism of genetic changes in bovine parainfluenza-3 virus.

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPIV-3) is one of the main viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) worldwide. BPIV-3 infect the bovine respiratory tract causing from subclinical infections to severe pneumonia with significant economic losses in the cattle industry. BPIV-3 is a RNA virus with high genetic variability, nevertheless, the contribution of recombination events to its variability has not been assessed so far. In this study the 25 complete genome sequences (CGS) reported so far and 215 partial sequences of different viral genes of BPIV-3 were analyzed to determine their genotypes and subgenotypes, distribution, and the existence of potential recombination events. Based on the analysis of the HN, M, N, and P genes one hypothetical subgenotype was found (subgenotype A4). Four recombination events between sequences of swine and cattle were detected by RDP4 analysis in conjunction with phylogenetic incongruences in the L gene. In addition, 9 sequences reported from Argentina were found to be miss-classified. These results reveal that homologous recombination events have a relevant role in the evolution of BPIV-3 and highlight the importance of implement advanced molecular characterization to better understand the variability and evolution of BPIV-3 as a component of BRDC.

Genetic polymorphisms present in IL10, IL23R, NOD2, and ATG16L1 associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in Mexican population.

OBJECTIVE: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two clinical forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Diverse studies have shown the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in molecules of the immune system and the occurrence of IBD. Here, several SNPs of the immune system with controversial results for their association with UC and CD were evaluated in a Mexican population. METHODS: SNPs rs1800896, rs3024505 (IL-10); rs11209026 (IL23R); rs2066844, rs2066845 (NOD-2), and rs2241880 (ATG16L1) were assessed in 93 patients with IBD and 200 healthy controls by hybridization probes and quantitative PCR. RESULTS: The AG genotype for rs1800896 was associated with an increased risk for both UC and CD (P = 0.005 and P = 0.026, respectively); whereas the AA genotype presents a negative association (P = 0.011 for UC, and 0.0038 for CD). For this SNP, G allele was associated with risk of UC (P = 0-043) but not for CD. For the rs3024505 in IL-10, T allele was associated with UC (P = 0.011). Moreover, this allele was associated with early onset of UC (P = 0.033) and with the use of steroid treatment (P = 0.019). No significant differences for NOD2 (rs2066844T and rs2066845C), IL23R (rs11209026), and ATG16L1 (rs22411880) were found between cases and controls and the homozygous TT genotype for rs2066844 and CC for rs2066845 were not observed. CONCLUSION: Our results show both genotypic and phenotypic associations of IL-10 SNPs with IBD but not with the other immune-related SNPs studied in this Mexican cohort.