Effect of Water and Chlorhexidine with Different Pressures of Oral Irrigation Device on the Surface Roughness and Topography of Giomer

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of different pressures of an oral irrigation device (OID) and the irrigation solution type on the surface roughness of the giomer restorative material. Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, disk-shaped giomer samples were fabricated and assigned to 5 groups (n=23): Group 1, storage in distilled water (control); Group 2, OID #7 pressure/ water; Group 3, OID #10 pressure/ water; Group 4, OID #7 pressure/ 0.05% CHX; Group 5, OID #10 pressure/ 0.05% CHX. The samples' treatment simulated a one-year application of OID. Surface roughness (Ra) and topography of the giomer were evaluated using profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed with Paired t-test, Tukey, and ANOVA tests (α=0.05). Results: The Ra of the samples increased significantly after treatment with OID (p<0.001). The roughness increase in groups with a pressure of 10 was higher than those with a pressure of 7 (p<0.001). The effect of pressure on surface changes was significant (p<0.001). However, the solution type and the cumulative effect of these two factors were insignificant (p=0.08 and p=0.43, respectively). Conclusion: Oral irrigation device with both solutions significantly increased the surface roughness and topographic changes of the giomer. The severity of these changes was related to the device's pressure.

Effect of Light-Curing Unit Type and Bulk-Fill Composite Resins with Different Photoinitiators on Marginal Gaps of Class II Restorations

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of two types of light-curing units (second and third generations) and two types of bulk-fill composite resins with different photoinitiators - Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TNCB) and Xtra Fil (XTF) on gap formation at the gingival margins of Cl II restorations. Material and Methods: Fifty-six standard Cl II cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of premolar teeth, with the gingival margin of the cavities 1 mm apical to the CEJ. The samples were randomly assigned to two groups based on the composite resin type and two subgroups based on the light-curing unit type and restored. After 5000 rounds of thermocycling, gingival margin gap in each sample was measured in µm under an electron microscope at ×2000 magnification. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results: Marginal gaps of TNCB composite resin were significantly smaller than those of XTF composite resin (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the two light-curing units in each group (p=0.887 with XTF and p=0.999 with TNCB). Conclusion: The gaps at gingival margins of Cl II cavities with TNCB bulk-fill composite were smaller than XTF composite resin. Both composite resins can be cured with both the second- and third-generation LEDs (AU).

Effect of Severity of Chronic Periodontitis on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life.

Objective:There is a paucity of studies on the relationship between the severity and type of periodontal disease and oral health related-quality of life (OHRQoL). The present study aimed to evaluate OHRQoL in patients with chronic periodontitis of different severity levels. Material and methods:In the present cross-sectional/analytical study, 200 patients with chronic periodontitis completed the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Factors such as age, gender, and chronic periodontitis severity (mild, moderate, severe) were evaluated. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the relationship between chronic periodontitis severity and OHRQoL using SPSS 20. Results:There were significant differences in questions regarding the practical and functional domains between the two groups with mild and moderate-severe chronic periodontitis. The severity of chronic periodontitis was not significantly related to OHRQoL considering the scores of the 14 questions of the questionnaire. Variables such as gender and age did not significantly affect the OHRQoL under the effect of chronic periodontitis severity. Conclusion:Overall, the severity of chronic periodontitis did not significantly affect the OHRQoL in the present study.

Effect of Bleaching Method and Curing Time on the Surface Microhardness of Microhybrid Composite Resin.

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of curing time and bleaching agents on microhybrid composite resin surface microhardness. Material and method: A total of 180 microhybrid composite resin disks were divided into two groups in terms of curing time: 40 s, 60 s. Then, each group was divided into three subgroups: control (distilled water), home bleaching (15% carbamide peroxide) and office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide). Surface microhardness of the samples was determined by using Vickers hardness test both at baseline and after the completion of the tests. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were used to analyze and compare microhardness changes between groups. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: Based on the two-way ANOVA, curing time, bleaching method, and cumulative effect of these two variables significantly affected composite resin microhardness (P<0.001). Tukey HSD tests showed that microhardness had significantly decreased in the bleaching groups, with the highest decrease when the office bleaching method was used (P<0.001). The samples cured for 40 s exhibited lower microhardness than those cured for 60 s and had an increased reduction in microhardness after bleaching (P<0.001). Conclusions: Application of both bleaching methods decreased the surface hardness of microhybrid composite resin. An increase in the curing time was associated with a decrease in adverse effects of bleaching agents on microhardness.

Effect of Listerine Mouthwash with Green Tea on the Inhibition of Streptococcus Mutans: A Microbiologic Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans (SM) in comparison with 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Listerine-Zero. Material and Methods: The sensitivity and growth inhibition of SM bacterial species were evaluated and compared between Listerine-green tea, 0.12% CHX and Listerine-Zero mouthwashes. Sixty plates containing SM colonies were prepared in three groups (n=20), and growth inhibition zones were measured using the disk diffusion agar test in mm. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the efficacy of the three mouthwashes tested. Post hoc Tukey tests were used for two-by-two comparisons. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: Analysis of data showed significant differences between the three groups (p<0.001); 0.12% CHX was the most effective mouthwash, and Listerine-Zero exhibited the least effect on the growth inhibition of SM (p<0.004). Conclusion: All three mouthwashes were significantly effective in inhibiting the growth of SM. The effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash was higher than that of Listerine-Zero and less than that of 0.12% CHX.