Toxocara cati Infection in Cats (Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Toxocariasis is an infection caused in canines, felines, humans, and other vertebrates by species of the genus Toxocara, such as T. canis and T. cati. The embryonated eggs of these parasites are the primary means of acquiring the infection for both definitive hosts, dogs and cats, respectively, and for intermediates, such as humans and other vertebrates. When deposited on park soils, environmental contamination becomes a risk to environmental, human, and animal health. Objective: To determine the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats (Felis catus). Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in six databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Google Scholar) to evaluate the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats, defined by coproparasitological, histological, and molecular techniques. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A two-tailed 5% alpha level was used for hypothesis testing. Results: Two hundred and eighty-nine studies were included. The global pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats using coproparasitological methods was 17.0% (95.0% CI: 16.2-17.8%). In the subgroup analysis according to country, Nepal had the highest prevalence of T. cati infection (94.4%; 95% CI 89.7-99.2%). The pooled prevalence of T. cati infection by PCR in four studies was 4.9% (95.0% CI: 1.9-7.9%). Conclusions: This systematic review underscores the need for preventive action against toxocariasis due to its widespread prevalence. The interplay between animal and human health should be emphasised, necessitating measures like deworming cats, hygiene practices, and public education to mitigate risks. Safeguarding feline health can also reduce human transmission, benefiting both species.

Identification of promoter activity in gene-less cassettes from Vibrionaceae superintegrons.

Integrons are genetic platforms that acquire new genes encoded in integron cassettes (ICs), building arrays of adaptive functions. ICs generally encode promoterless genes, whose expression relies on the platform-associated Pc promoter, with the cassette array functioning as an operon-like structure regulated by the distance to the Pc. This is relevant in large sedentary chromosomal integrons (SCIs) carrying hundreds of ICs, like those in Vibrio species. We selected 29 gene-less cassettes in four Vibrio SCIs, and explored whether their function could be related to the transcription regulation of adjacent ICs. We show that most gene-less cassettes have promoter activity on the sense strand, enhancing the expression of downstream cassettes. Additionally, we identified the transcription start sites of gene-less ICs through 5'-RACE. Accordingly, we found that most of the superintegron in Vibrio cholerae is not silent. These promoter cassettes can trigger the expression of a silent dfrB9 cassette downstream, increasing trimethoprim resistance >512-fold in V. cholerae and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, one cassette with an antisense promoter can reduce trimethoprim resistance when cloned downstream. Our findings highlight the regulatory role of gene-less cassettes in the expression of adjacent cassettes, emphasizing their significance in SCIs and their clinical importance if captured by mobile integrons.

Evaluating Person-Centred Integrated Care to People with Complex Chronic Conditions: Early Implementation Results of the ProPCC Programme.

Introduction: The evaluation of integrated care programmes for high-need high-cost older people is a challenge. We aim to share the early implementation results of the ProPCC programme in the North-Barcelona metropolitan area, in Catalonia, Spain. Methods: We analysed the intervention with retrospective data from May 2018 to December 2021 by describing the cohort complexity and by showing its 6-months pre-post impact on time spent at home and resources used: primary care visits, emergency department visits, hospital admissions and hospital stay. Findings: 264 cases were included (91% at home; 9% in nursing homes). 6-month pre vs. 6-months post results were (mean, p-value): primary care visits 8.2 vs. 11.5 (p < 0.05); emergency department visits 1.4 vs. 0.9 (p < 0.05); hospital admissions 0.7 vs. 0.5 (p < 0.05); hospital stay 12.8 vs. 7.9 days (p < 0.05). Time spent at home was 169.2 vs.174.2 days (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Early implementation of the ProPCC programme results in an increase in time spent at home (up to 3%) and significant reductions in emergency department attendance (-37.2%) and hospital stays (-38.3%). The increased use of primary care resources is compensated by the hospital resources savings, with a result in the average total cost of -46.3%.

Interferon-Alpha Decreases Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Modulates Exosomes in Malignant Melanoma.

Malignant melanoma (MM) can spread to other organs and is resistant in part due to the presence of cancer stem cell subpopulations (CSCs). While a controversial high dose of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) has been used to treat non-metastatic high-risk melanoma, it comes with undesirable side effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of low and high doses of IFN-α on CSCs by analyzing ALDH activity, side population and specific surface markers in established and patient-derived primary cell lines. We also assessed the clonogenicity, migration and tumor initiation capacities of IFN-α treated CSCs. Additionally, we investigated genomic modulations related to stemness properties using microRNA sequencing and microarrays. The effect of IFN-α on CSCs-derived exosomes was also analyzed using NanoSight and liquid chromatography (LC-HRMS)-based metabolomic analysis, among others. Our results showed that even low doses of IFN-α reduced CSC formation and stemness properties, and led to a significant decrease in the ability to form tumors in mice xenotransplants. IFN-α also modulated the expression of genes and microRNAs involved in several cancer processes and metabolomics of released exosomes. Our work suggests the utility of low doses of interferon, combined with the analysis of metabolic biomarkers, as a potential clinical approach against the aggressiveness of CSCs in melanoma.

Prediction of effective humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in healthy subjects by cortical thickness of post-vaccination reactive lymphadenopathy.

PURPOSE: To study the association between ultrasound cortical thickness in reactive post-vaccination lymph nodes and the elicited humoral response and to evaluate the performance of cortical thickness as a predictor of vaccine effectiveness in patients with and without a previous history of COVID-19 infection. METHODS: A total of 156 healthy volunteers were recruited and followed prospectively after receiving two COVID-19 vaccination doses using different protocols. Within a week after receiving the second dose, an axillary ultrasound of the ipsilateral vaccinated arm was performed, and serial post-vaccination serologic tests (PVST) were collected. Maximum cortical thickness was chosen as a nodal feature to analyze association with humoral immunity. Total antibodies quantified during consecutive PVST in previously-infected patients and in coronavirus-naïve volunteers were compared (Mann-Whitney U test). The association between hyperplastic-reactive lymph nodes and effective humoral response was studied (odds ratio). The performance of cortical thickness in detecting vaccination effectiveness was evaluated (area under the ROC curve). RESULTS: Significantly higher values for total antibodies were observed in volunteers with a previous history of COVID-19 infection (p < 0.001). The odds ratio associating immunized coronavirus-naïve volunteers after 90 and 180 days of the second dose with a cortical thickness ≥ 3 mm was statistically significant (95% CI 1.52-6.97 and 95% CI 1.47-7.29, respectively). The best AUC result was obtained comparing antibody secretion of coronavirus-naïve volunteers at 180 days (0.738). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound cortical thickness of reactive lymph nodes in coronavirus-naïve patients may reflect antibody production and a long-term effective humoral response elicited by vaccination. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: In coronavirus-naïve patients, ultrasound cortical thickness of post-vaccination reactive lymphadenopathy shows a positive association with protective antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2, especially in the long term, providing new insights into previous publications. KEY POINTS: • Hyperplastic lymphadenopathy was frequently observed after COVID-19 vaccination. • Ultrasound cortical thickness of reactive post-vaccine lymph nodes may reflect a long-term effective humoral response in coronavirus-naïve patients.

Meta-analysis: Real-world effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab in patients with ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on real-world outcomes of ustekinumab for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients is needed. AIMS: To summarise evidence on the real-world outcomes of ustekinumab for UC and conduct a meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety data. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted through September 2022 in electronic databases for observational studies evaluating ustekinumab for UC. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to calculate the pooled effect sizes (percentages or incidence rates [IRs]) of effectiveness and safety outcomes. RESULTS: In all, 19 studies were included with 3786 patients. More than 92% of patients were previously treated with any biologic, 61.1% with both anti-TNF and vedolizumab and 16.4% with any biologic and tofacitinib. Clinical remission was achieved in 45.4% at week 8 (95% CI: 30.1%-60.6%), 43.8% (38.4%-49.2%) at weeks 12-16, 44.6% (35.9%-53.3%) at month 6, and 50.6% (36.3%-64.8%) at month 12. Response was achieved in 61.2%, 59.4%, 65.2% and 76.8% at weeks 8, 12-16, month 6 and 12, respectively. CS-free remission was achieved in 18.7%, 36.8%, 34.5% and 39% at weeks 8, 12-16, month 6 and 12, respectively. Overall, 58.2% of patients had endoscopic improvement at month 12. Almost 30% of the patients needed dose escalation, which was effective in 40% of these patients. The IRs of colectomy, adverse events (AEs), serious AEs and serious infections were 4.8, 7.9, 0.8 and 0.3 per 100 patient-years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis confirms the effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab in a highly treatment-refractory population of UC patients.

Prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the Americas: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by the Cryptosporidium spp parasite. As some species of Cryptosporidium have a wide host spectrum, the characterization of the pathogen at the species or genotype level is of great importance to define the sources of infection for humans and the potential for public health. This study investigated the diversity of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. in humans from all over the American continent and observed whether the method used to search for the parasite influenced the prevalence found in the Americas. This systematic review was carried out using the Pubmed, Science direct, Lilacs, Scielo, and Scopus databases with publications from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. For data synthesis, the PRISMA flowchart was used and for the meta-analysis we used the MetaXL program. Of the selected publications, 57, 9 and 16 belonged to the region of South, Central and North America, respectively. The prevalence found for South, Central, and North America was 7%, 7%, and 8%, respectively, when analyzing publications that used only the microscopy method. When we analyzed the publications that used immunological and molecular methods, we found prevalences of 10%, 9%, and 21% for South, Central, and North America, respectively. The C. hominis subtype IbA10G2 was the most reported in the American continent, followed by subtype IeA11G3T3 and, for C. parvum, subtype IIaA15G2RI was the most reported. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium spp. is present throughout the American continent and its prevalence is higher when immunological and/or molecular methods are used, in addition to direct microscopic examination.

Axillary lymph node imaging in mRNA, vector-based, and mix-and-match COVID-19 vaccine recipients: ultrasound features.

OBJECTIVES: To assess ultrasound characteristics of ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes after two doses of four different COVID-19 vaccination protocols, to determine whether these parameters differed with age, and to describe how they changed on follow-up imaging. METHODS: A total of 247 volunteer employees from our center who had received two doses of COVID-19 vaccination were recruited and followed prospectively. Axillary ultrasound of the ipsilateral vaccinated arm was performed the week after receiving the second dose to analyze lymph node features (number, long-axis, cortical thickness, morphology, and vascular imaging). Axillary lymphadenopathy resulting from four vaccination protocols-mRNA (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273), ChAdOx1-S, and mix-and-match-was compared. Analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni corrections. Nodal reactogenicity was evaluated for two age groups: young (< 45 years old) and middle-aged ( ≥ 45 years old). All parameters were compared between both groups using an unpaired-sample Student t test. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Significantly higher values for total number of visible nodes, cortical thickness, Bedi's classification (p < 0.001), and vascularity (p < 0.05) were observed in mRNA vaccine recipients compared to full ChAdOx1-S protocol recipients. Moreover, mix-and-match protocol recipients showed greater nodal cortical thickness and higher Bedi's classification than full ChAdOx1-S recipients (p < 0.001). Analyses between age groups revealed greater cortical thickness, Bedi's classification, and color Doppler signal in younger patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Nodal parameters of Bedi's classification and cortical thickness were more often increased in mRNA and mix-and-match vaccine recipients when compared to ChAdOx1-S vaccine alone, especially in younger patients. KEY POINTS: • Hyperplastic lymphadenopathy was observed more frequently in mRNA and mix-and-match vaccine protocols compared to full vector-based vaccination. • Higher values for cortical thickness, Bedi's classification, and color Doppler signal parameters were identified in younger patients. • Observed lymph node findings normalized in greater than 80% of patients by the third month following vaccination.

Association of golimumab trough concentrations during maintenance with clinical, biological, endoscopic and histologic remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: Optimal golimumab concentration thresholds for important outcomes during maintenance are lacking. AIMS: To investigate the association of golimumab trough concentrations during maintenance with key outcomes, including endoscopic and histologic remission, and long-term event-free persistence with golimumab, in patients with UC. METHODS: This multi-centre, cross-sectional study included patients with UC on golimumab maintenance recruited either in remission or during a flare. Colonoscopy was scheduled, and study-specific rectocolonic biopsies were taken for blind central histologic reading. Samples for golimumab trough concentrations were collected close to colonoscopy. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were included. Median golimumab trough concentrations (µg/ml) were significantly higher in patients who had clinical remission (2.01 vs. 0.72, p = 0.047), combined clinical-biochemical remission (PMS ≤2 + faecal calprotectin <250 µg/g) (2.21 vs. 1.47, p = 0.041), endoscopic healing (Mayo endoscopic subscore 0) (2.52 vs. 1.47, p = 0.003), histologic remission (Geboes index ≤2.0) (2.33 vs. 1.50, p = 0.02) and disease clearance (clinical remission endoscopic healing + histologic remission) (2.52 vs. 1.70, p = 0.009), compared with those not meeting these criteria. Golimumab concentrations were significantly higher in patients who avoided golimumab dose escalation/discontinuation during follow-up (2.24 vs. 0.98, p = 0.012). Receiver-operating characteristic analyses identified golimumab thresholds [area under the curve] of 0.85 [0.76], 1.90 [0.76], 2.29 [0.75], 1.79 [0.68], 2.29 [0.72] and 1.56 [0.71] µg/ml as associated with clinical remission, combined remission, endoscopic healing, histologic remission, disease clearance and long-term event-free persistence with golimumab, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Golimumab trough concentrations during maintenance are associated with favourable treatment outcomes including endoscopic healing, histologic remission and long-term persistence on golimumab. We identified the optimal golimumab thresholds most closely associated with key outcomes.

Unilateral axillary adenopathy induced by COVID-19 vaccine: US follow-up evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in order to investigate COVID-19 vaccine influence on unilateral axillary lymph nodes, comparing nodal basal features with their characteristics after the first and second vaccination dose. METHODS: Ninety-one volunteer employees from our center who participated in the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination campaign were prospectively recruited. A total of three axillary ultrasound evaluations of the ipsilateral vaccinated arm were performed: before vaccination, the week after the first dose and the week after the second dose. The following findings were recorded: the total number of visible nodes, the maximum measurements of the diameter and cortex, Bedi's classification, and color Doppler evaluation. The collected data were compared using paired-sample Student's t-test for quantitative continuous variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for ordinal variables. Additional analyses were performed after classifying patients according to the previous history of COVID-19 disease. Differences among both groups were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U test. Variables with a p value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Comparative analyses between the three US examinations showed a statistically significant augmentation of total visible nodes, maximum diameter, cortical thickness, grade of Bedi's classification, and Doppler signal (p < 0.001). Analyses between patients with and without previous COVID-19 infection showed a higher lymph node response in naïve patients compared to those who were previously infected. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, both doses of COVID-19 vaccine induced an increase of all axillary lymph node parameters with statistically significant differences, especially in coronavirus-naïve patients. KEY POINTS: • Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine induces a high incidence of ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. • US scan identified an increase of all lymph nodes parameters, especially in coronavirus-naïve patients.

Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tofacitinib in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the real-world effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib for ulcerative colitis (UC) is relevant to confirm the benefit observed in clinical trials. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the real-world effectiveness of tofacitinib for moderate to severely active UC. The primary outcome was clinical remission evaluated at week 8, weeks 12 to 16, and month 6. Secondary outcomes were response, corticosteroid-free remission, mucosal healing, colectomy, and safety. RESULTS: Seventeen studies with a total of 1162 patients with UC were included. Remission (11 studies) was achieved in 34.7% of patients at week 8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.4%-45.1%), 47% at weeks 12 to 16 (95% CI, 40.3%-53.6%), and 38.3% at month 6 (95% CI, 29.2%-47.5%) at month 6 duplicated. Response was achieved in 62.1%, 64.2%, 50.8%, and 41.8% of patients at week 8, weeks 12 to 16, month 6, and month 12, respectively. Corticosteroid-free remission (5 studies) was achieved in 38.4%, 44.3%, 33.6%, and 31% of patients at week 8, weeks 12 to 16, month 6, and month 12, respectively. Mucosal healing was achieved in 48.3% and 45.3% of patients at week 8 and weeks 12 to 16, respectively. Patients who were biologic-naïve (11.6%) had a significantly higher rate of response at week 8 (1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.84). The incidence rates of serious adverse events and herpes zoster was 8.9 and 6.9 per 100 patient-years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of real-world studies confirms the effectiveness of tofacitinib in a highly refractory population of patients with moderate to severely active UC. Tofacitinib showed an acceptable safety profile. These findings were consistent with clinical trials and further support the use of tofacitinib in UC.

Prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the Americas: systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by the Cryptosporidium spp parasite. As some species of Cryptosporidium have a wide host spectrum, the characterization of the pathogen at the species or genotype level is of great importance to define the sources of infection for humans and the potential for public health. This study investigated the diversity of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. in humans from all over the American continent and observed whether the method used to search for the parasite influenced the prevalence found in the Americas. This systematic review was carried out using the Pubmed, Science direct, Lilacs, Scielo, and Scopus databases with publications from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. For data synthesis, the PRISMA flowchart was used and for the meta-analysis we used the MetaXL program. Of the selected publications, 57, 9 and 16 belonged to the region of South, Central and North America, respectively. The prevalence found for South, Central, and North America was 7%, 7%, and 8%, respectively, when analyzing publications that used only the microscopy method. When we analyzed the publications that used immunological and molecular methods, we found prevalences of 10%, 9%, and 21% for South, Central, and North America, respectively. The C. hominis subtype IbA10G2 was the most reported in the American continent, followed by subtype IeA11G3T3 and, for C. parvum, subtype IIaA15G2RI was the most reported. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium spp. is present throughout the American continent and its prevalence is higher when immunological and/or molecular methods are used, in addition to direct microscopic examination.

The selective collection of municipal solid waste and other factors determining cost efficiency. An analysis of service provision by spanish municipalities.

In recent years, concerns about the increasing generation of municipal solid waste, together with related health and environmental issues and regulatory changes, have motivated significant alterations in the provision of waste management services, such as the introduction of selective collection (by type of waste). However, these changes may impact on service costs and/or efficiency. The present study was undertaken to analyse the efficiency of the waste management service in Spain, using data from 283 municipalities for the period 2005-2015. The analysis consists of two phases: first, the application of panel data order-m frontiers, that allows to obtain a homogeneous estimation of efficiency based on the input-output relationship at the production process (Surroca et al., 2016), and second, the use of bootstrapped truncated regression, considering different municipal sizes. The results obtained show that cost efficiency is increased with selective collection and by certain political and socio-economic factors of the local governments, concretely with the government by a progressive party, coalition governments, a greater financial independence, a greater tourist and industrial activity and a greater proportion of women and of foreign-born residents in the municipality. We also show that municipal direct provision is the least efficient management form for this service. The main contribution made by this study is to examine the influence of different elements of service output (i.e., selection by type of waste vs. non-selection) on cost efficiency.

Preferences and satisfaction of IBD patients after switching from adalimumab 40 mg weekly to 80 mg every other week given as a single injection: the ADASCAL study.

BACKGROUND: A recently registered device containing 80 mg of adalimumab (ADA) allows an alternative dose escalation regimen with ADA 80 mg every other week (EOW) given as a single subcutaneous injection instead of 40 mg every week. The ADASCAL study evaluated the preferences and satisfaction of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients after switching their ADA regimen from 40 mg weekly to 80 mg EOW given with a single-dose pen. METHODS: In this multicentre cross-sectional study, patients in whom the ADA regimen was changed from 40 mg weekly to 80 mg EOW completed the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4), a four-item questionnaire [a Likert-type 5-point scale for preferences, two closed questions for convenience and a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess which escalated ADA regimen patients would prefer to continue] and two Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaires: the generic European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) and disease-specific Spanish version of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ-9). RESULTS: In total, 77 patients (64 Crohn's disease and 13 ulcerative colitis) were included. The TSQM score showed a notably high global satisfaction [83.4, standard deviation (SD) = 14.1] of patients with ADA 80 mg EOW given with a single-dose pen, with high TSQM scores for individual components: effectiveness (77.6, SD = 16.9), convenience (83.7, SD = 14.5) and side effects (86.1, SD = 23.4). Most of the patients (74%) preferred the ADA EOW regimen (59.7% had strong preference, 14.3% slight preference). ADA EOW interferes less with daily activity (59.7%) and with travel plans (81.8%). Most patients (77%) would prefer to continue with ADA EOW (mean VAS score of 84.7, SD = 24.1, where 100 indicates a preference for ADA EOW). Patients reported high HRQoL scores on both the EQ-5D (72.3, SD = 20.1) and SIBDQ-9 (75.1, SD = 14.7). CONCLUSION: IBD patients in whom the ADA regimen was changed from 40 mg weekly to 80 mg EOW reported a higher preference for the EOW regimen and therefore most decided to continue with a single self-injection EOW.

Innovation in IBD Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Cross-Sectional Survey on Patient-Reported Experience Measures.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a clinical situation that could be used as prototype for implementation of new systems of care. METHODS: This was a single-center, cross-sectional study. We evaluated the feasibility of a strategy based on the conversion of face-to-face visits to telephone consultations to manage IBD outpatients during the COVID-19 pandemic. A 4-item telephone survey (3 closed questions and a 100-point numeric description scale) was conducted to evaluate satisfaction of patients with telephone consultations. RESULTS: Between March 11 and April 8, 2020, 98% of the 216 scheduled face-to-face visits could be converted to telephone consultations, and we resolved an additional 162 urgent consultations by telephone. The rate of IBD-related hospitalization and visits to the emergency department decreased by 50% and 58%, respectively, compared with rates in the same period the previous year. The 4-item survey was conducted in 171 outpatients. In closed questions, patients reported a very high degree of satisfaction with telephone consultations, with no differences between scheduled (n = 123) and urgent consultations (n = 48; P = NS). The overall satisfaction rating with the telephone consultation evaluated with the numerical description scale was 94% and 93% for scheduled and urgent consultations, respectively (P < 0.82). Less than 20% of patients would have preferred a face-to-face visit to the telephone consultation at the time. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy based on the conversion of face-to-face visits to telephone consultations was able to guarantee a minimum standard quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients reported a very high degree of satisfaction with telephone consultations.

Effects of multiple doses of simvastatin and artesunate monotherapy on SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI adult worms during infection in hyperlidemic mice / Efectos de múltiples dosis de simvastatina y artesunato en monoterapia en gusanos adultos de SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI durante la infección en ratones hiperlidémicos / Efeitos de doses múltiplas de monoterapia com sinvastatina e artesunato em vermes adultos SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI durante a infecção em camundongos hiperlidêmicos

A single dose of simvastatin and of artesunate monotherapy cause damage to the reproductive system of schistosomes as well as severe tegumental damage in male worms recovered from mice fed high-fat chow. This study aims to investigate whether treatment with multipledose regimes may offer more antischistosomal activity advantages than single daily dosing in mice fed high-fat chow. For this purpose, nine weeks post-infection, Swiss Webster mice were gavaged with simvastatin (200 mg/kg) or artesunate (300 mg/kg) for five consecutive days and euthanized two weeks post-treatment. Adult worms were analyzed using brightfield microscopy, confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, presenting damages caused by simvastatin and artesunate to the reproductive system of males and females as well as tegument alterations, including peeling, sloughing areas, loss of tubercles, tegumental bubbles and tegument rupture exposing subtegumental tissue. The overall findings in this study revealed the potential antischistosomal activity of simvastatin and artesunate against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms, in addition to showing that multiple doses of either monotherapy caused severe damage to the tegument.

Una sola dosis de simvastatina y de artesunato en monoterapia causa daño al sistema reproductivo de los esquistosomas, así como daño tegumental severo en gusanos machos recuperados de ratones alimentados con comida rica en grasas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar si el tratamiento con regímenes de dosis múltiples puede ofrecer más ventajas de actividad antiesquistosomal que la dosis única diaria en ratones alimentados con comida rica en grasas. Para este propósito, nueve semanas después de la infección, los ratones Swiss Webster se alimentaron por sonda con simvastatina (200 mg / kg) o artesunato (300 mg / kg) durante cinco días consecutivos y se sacrificaron dos semanas después del tratamiento. Los gusanos adultos se analizaron utilizando campo claro microscopía, microscopía confocal y microscopía electrónica de barrido, presentando daños causados ​​por simvastatina y artesunato en el sistema reproductivo de machos y hembras, así como alteraciones del tegumento, incluyendo descamación, desprendimiento, pérdida de tubérculos, burbujas tegumentales y rotura del tegumento exponiendo tejido subtegumental. Los hallazgos generales de este estudio revelaron la posible actividad antiesquistosomal de la simvastatina y el artesunato contra los gusanos adultos de Schistosoma mansoni, además de mostrar que dosis múltiples de cualquiera de las dos monoterapia causaron daños graves al tegumento.

Uma única dose de sinvastatina e de monoterapia com artesunato causa danos ao sistema reprodutivo dos esquistossomos, bem como danos graves ao tegumento em vermes machos recuperados de camundongos alimentados com ração rica em gordura. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar se o tratamento com regimes de múltiplas doses pode oferecer mais vantagens da atividade anti-esquistossomótica do que uma única dose diária em ratos alimentados com ração rica em gordura. Para tanto, nove semanas após a infecção, camundongos Swiss Webster foram inoculados com sinvastatina (200 mg / kg) ou artesunato (300 mg / kg) por cinco dias consecutivos e sacrificados duas semanas após o tratamento. Vermes adultos foram analisados ​​usando campo claro microscopia, microscopia confocal e microscopia eletrônica de varredura, apresentando danos causados ​​pela sinvastatina e artesunato ao sistema reprodutivo de homens e mulheres, bem como alterações do tegumento, incluindo descamação, áreas de descamação, perda de tubérculos, bolhas tegumentais e ruptura do tegumento com exposição de tecido subtegumentar. Os achados gerais deste estudo revelaram a potencial atividade anti-esquistossomótica da sinvastatina e do artesunato contra vermes adultos do Schistosoma mansoni, além de mostrar que doses múltiplas de ambas as monoterapias causaram danos graves ao tegumento.