Community public health practicum in the Amazon region of Peru: Student experiences.

This article presents the experience of a community public health practicum in the Amazon region of Peru. The intervention model is based on the social determinants of health within a participatory approach illustrating the impact of the practicum on the students and on the families and communities. This experience can be instructive for developing countries that do not have an established infrastructure to ensure healthcare within their communities; in these countries, students can help to improve health by empowering families and communities. This paper describes the experience of two students who participated in the community practicum providing healthcare to families and communities.

Factores socioculturales determinantes de los hábitos alimentarios de niños de una escuela- jardín en Perú: / Sociocultural factors determinants of eating habits of kindergarten schoolchildren in Peru:

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de explorar los factores socioculturales que determinan los hábitos alimentarios de niños menores de cinco años de una escuela inicial de Chachapoyas en Perú, realizamos un estudio cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 18 padres y madres. Los factores determinantes de los hábitos alimenticios fueron: la disponibilidad y facilidad de preparación de los alimentos; horario y trabajo desempeñado por los padres; ingesta de café en niños como práctica común; falta de recursos e incertidumbre económica para la planificación alimenticia, y la falta de conocimientos nutricionales. Asimismo, se identificaron creencias que pueden explicar algunos hábitos alimenticios, como los efectos beneficiosos de la comida en familia, la lactancia materna y otros alimentos, o el papel de la alimentación para el buen desarrollo intelectual y físico de los niños. Los resultados aportan evidencia sobre el modo en que los padres afrontan y entienden la alimentación de sus hijos, determinando, a su vez, la calidad de la misma.

ABSTRACT To examine the sociocultural factors that determine the eating habits of children aged less than 5 years who attend kindergarten school in Chachapoyas in Peru, we carried out a qualitative study by means of semi-structured interviews of 18 fathers and mothers. The key factors related to eating habits were as follows: availability and easiness to prepare foods, schedule and work done by parents, intake of coffee in children as a common practice, lack of resources and economic uncertainty for food planning, and the lack of nutritional knowledge. Similarly, beliefs that might explain some eating habits, such as the beneficial effects of eating food as a family, maternal breastfeeding, and others, or the role of nutrition for the appropriate intellectual and physical development of children were identified. Our results provide evidence about the ways parents tackle and understand their children's nutrition while, in turn, determining its quality.

Factores socioculturales determinantes de los hábitos alimentarios de niños de una escuela-jardín en Perú: estudio cualitativo / Sociocultural factors determinants of eating habits of kindergarten schoolchildren in Peru: a qualitative study

Con el objetivo de explorar los factores socioculturales que determinan los hábitos alimentarios de niños menores de cinco años de una escuela inicial de Chachapoyas en Perú, realizamos un estudio cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 18 padres y madres. Los factores determinantes de los hábitos alimenticios fueron: la disponibilidad y facilidad de preparación de los alimentos; horario y trabajo desempeñado por los padres; ingesta de café en niños como práctica común; falta de recursos e incertidumbre económica para la planificación alimenticia, y la falta de conocimientos nutricionales. Asimismo, se identificaron creencias que pueden explicar algunos hábitos alimenticios, como los efectos beneficiosos de la comida en familia, la lactancia materna y otros alimentos, o el papel de la alimentación para el buen desarrollo intelectual y físico de los niños. Los resultados aportan evidencia sobre el modo en que los padres afrontan y entienden la alimentación de sus hijos, determinando, a su vez, la calidad de la misma.

To examine the sociocultural factors that determine the eating habits of children aged less than 5 years who attendkindergarten school in Chachapoyas in Peru, we carried out a qualitative study by means of semi-structured interviewsof 18 fathers and mothers. The key factors related to eating habits were as follows: availability and easiness to prepare foods, schedule and work done by parents, intake of coffee in children as a common practice, lack of resources and economic uncertainty for food planning, and the lack of nutritional knowledge. Similarly, beliefs that might explain some eating habits, such as the beneficial effects of eating food as a family, maternal breastfeeding, and others, or the role of nutrition for the appropriate intellectual and physical development of children were identified. Our results provide evidence about the ways parents tackle and understand their children’s nutrition while, in turn, determining its quality.

Gendering Guilt among Dependent Family Members' Caregivers.

This study analyzes guilt among family caregivers of dependent patients, from a gender perspective. A qualitative design was used, conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups. Using purposive sampling, we selected 73 family caregivers and 23 health professionals (family medicine, community nursing, and social work) from the Primary Care District of Seville. The content of the information collected was analyzed in terms of the following categories: a) guilt for abandoning family and friends; b) guilt for the relationship with the dependent person; and c) guilt for placing the relative in a nursing home. To validate the findings, data sources, methodological techniques, and researchers' disciplines were all triangulated. Results indicated that women report more guilt than men for abandoning family and friends, and because of their relationship with the dependent person. However, with respect to nursing home placement, no difference was observed as a function of gender. The high incidence of caregiver guilt needs to be addressed by health professionals to avoid the emergence of other mental health issues.

Percepción de la identidad profesional de la enfermería en el alumnado del grado / Perception of professional identity in nursing amongst undergraduate students

OBJETIVO: Identificar la percepción de la identidad profesional de enfermería en el alumnado de primero y cuarto del grado. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo mediante encuesta. Utilizando un muestreo aleatorizado en el alumnado de primer y cuarto curso se seleccionaron 50 y 51 estudiantes respectivamente. La encuesta fue elaborada mediante consenso de expertos y contenía un registro de datos sociodemográficos, 14 ítems y dos preguntas abiertas. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de los datos y bivariado mediante la aplicación del test chi cuadrado, para determinar si existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las respuestas en función del curso. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS 22.0. Las preguntas abiertas fueron sometidas a un análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: Se identifican diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los ítems relacionados con la diversidad de roles que puede asumir el profesional de enfermería en el sistema de salud (profesionales y académicos) y, en el carácter autónomo de su ejercicio. Estos resultados son confirmados por la información obtenida en las preguntas abiertas. CONCLUSIÓN: La formación académica es de gran importancia en el proceso de adquisición de la identidad profesional de los futuros profesionales de la enfermería, pero cambiar la imagen pública de la profesión es responsabilidad de todos los agentes sociales implicados en su desarrollo

OBJECTIVE: To identify the perception of the nursing professional identity between first and fourth grade students. Method: A descriptive study using a questionnaire. A random sample of 50 and 51 students were selected from the first and fourth grade, respectively. The questionnaire was prepared by expert consensus, and it included a sociodemographic data register, 14 items, and two open questions. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed on the data, using the Chi-squared test to determine the possible differences between both grades. SPSS 22.0 statistics software was employed. The open questions were submitted to a content analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the items related to the diversity of roles that the nursing professionals can develop within the health care system (professional and academic), and between the autonomous nature of their practices. These data were confirmed by the information obtained with the open questions. CONCLUSIONS: Academic training is of great importance in the process of acquiring the professional identity of future professionals in nursing, but changing the public image of the profession is the responsibility of all the social agents involved in its development

[Perception of professional identity in nursing amongst undergraduate students]. / Percepción de la identidad profesional de la enfermería en el alumnado del grado.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the perception of the nursing professional identity between first and fourth grade students. METHOD: A descriptive study using a questionnaire. A random sample of 50 and 51 students were selected from the first and fourth grade, respectively. The questionnaire was prepared by expert consensus, and it included a sociodemographic data register, 14 items, and two open questions. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed on the data, using the Chi-squared test to determine the possible differences between both grades. SPSS 22.0 statistics software was employed. The open questions were submitted to a content analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the items related to the diversity of roles that the nursing professionals can develop within the health care system (professional and academic), and between the autonomous nature of their practices. These data were confirmed by the information obtained with the open questions. CONCLUSION: Academic training is of great importance in the process of acquiring the professional identity of future professionals in nursing, but changing the public image of the profession is the responsibility of all the social agents involved in its development.

[Sociocultural factors determinants of eating habits of kindergarten schoolchildren in Peru]. / Factores socioculturales determinantes de los hábitos alimentarios de niños de una escuela- jardín en Perú.

To examine the sociocultural factors that determine the eating habits of children aged less than 5 years who attend kindergarten school in Chachapoyas in Peru, we carried out a qualitative study by means of semi-structured interviews of 18 fathers and mothers. The key factors related to eating habits were as follows: availability and easiness to prepare foods, schedule and work done by parents, intake of coffee in children as a common practice, lack of resources and economic uncertainty for food planning, and the lack of nutritional knowledge. Similarly, beliefs that might explain some eating habits, such as the beneficial effects of eating food as a family, maternal breastfeeding, and others, or the role of nutrition for the appropriate intellectual and physical development of children were identified. Our results provide evidence about the ways parents tackle and understand their children's nutrition while, in turn, determining its quality.

Gendering guilt among dependent family members' caregivers

This study analyzes guilt among family caregivers of dependent patients, from a gender perspective. A qualitative design was used, conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups. Using purposive sampling, we selected 73 family caregivers and 23 health professionals (family medicine, community nursing, and social work) from the Primary Care District of Seville. The content of the information collected was analyzed in terms of the following categories: a) guilt for abandoning family and friends; b) guilt for the relationship with the dependent person; and c) guilt for placing the relative in a nursing home. To validate the findings, data sources, methodological techniques, and researchers’ disciplines were all triangulated. Results indicated that women report more guilt than men for abandoning family and friends, and because of their relationship with the dependent person. However, with respect to nursing home placement, no difference was observed as a function of gender. The high incidence of caregiver guilt needs to be addressed by health professionals to avoid the emergence of other mental health issues (AU)

No disponible

Adaptation to spanish of an ethnocultural empathy scale / Adaptação ao espanhol de uma escola de empatia etnocultural / Adaptación al español de una escala de empatía etnocultural

The aim of this study is to adapt the Ethnocultural Empathy Scale of Wang, et al. to Spanish. A process of translation and back-translation of the items was carried out and their psychometric properties were explored in a sample of 441 nursing students from universities in Western Andalusia. Exploratory analyses were used to form sets of items that would reduce the number of indicators for each latent factor in the confirmatory analysis. After obtaining the sets of items, we tested the fit of the data to two factorial structures: a model with four interrelated first-order factors, and another with a second-order factor composed of four first-order factors. The factor structure of the original scale and an appropriate reliability and validity are confirmed. The results obtained support the utilization of the Spanish version of this scale with students of health sciences.

O objetivo deste estudo é a adaptação para espanhol da escala de empatia etnocultural de Wang, et al. Foi realizado um processo de tradução e retrotradução dos itens e as suas propriedades psicométricas foram exploradas numa amostra de 441 estudantes de Enfermagem de universidades da Andaluzia Ocidental. As análises exploratórias foram utilizadas para agrupar os itens, o que reduziu o número de indicadores de cada fator na análise confirmatória. Testou-se o ajuste dos dados a duas estruturas fatoriais: um modelo com quatro fatores de primeira ordem inter-relacionados e outro com um fator de segunda ordem composto por quatro fatores de primeira ordem. Confirma-se a estrutura fatorial da escala original e uma adequada fiabilidade e validade externa. Os resultados apoiam a utilização da versão espanhola desta escala em estudantes de ciências da saúde.

El objetivo de este estudio es adaptar al español la escala de Empatía Etnocultural de Wang, et al. Se llevó a cabo un proceso de traducción y retrotraducción de los ítems y se exploraron sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de 441 estudiantes de Enfermería de universidades de Andalucía Occidental. Los análisis exploratorios se emplearon para formar paquetes de ítems que permitieran reducir el número de indicadores de cada factor latente en los análisis confirmatorios. Se puso a prueba el ajuste de los datos a dos estructuras factoriales: un modelo con cuatro factores de primer orden relacionados entre sí, y otro con un factor de segundo orden compuesto por cuatro factores de primer orden. Se confirma la estructura factorial de la escala original y una adecuada fiabilidad y validez externa. Los resultados apoyan la utilización de la versión española de esta escala en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud.

Spanish adaptation of the scale of psychological empowerment in the workplace.

The objective of this study is to adapt and translate into Spanish Spreitzer's Psychological Empowerment Scale (1995a). A process of translation and reverse-translation was applied to the scale's items, whose psychometric properties were then examined using a sample of 272 professional nurses at public hospitals in the province of Seville. The data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. The significance of the factor loadings demonstrated the need to create a new model eliminating one item. The 11-item model was shown to possess adequate construct validity and internal consistency. The results confirm the original, four-factor structure obtained by Spreitzer, with the exception of item 10, and support the utilization of the Spanish version of this scale in the workplace. Future research should more extensively investigate its construct validity, and test the nomological network of the operationalized construct within the field of psychological well-being and in the context of the workplace.

Spanish adaptation of the scale of psychological empowerment in the workplace

The objective of this study is to adapt and translate into Spanish Spreitzer’s Psychological Empowerment Scale (1995a). A process of translation and reverse-translation was applied to the scale’s items, whose psychometric properties were then examined using a sample of 272 professional nurses at public hospitals in the province of Seville. The data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. The significance of the factor loadings demonstrated the need to create a new model eliminating one item. The 11-item model was shown to possess adequate construct validity and internal consistency. The results confirm the original, four-factor structure obtained by Spreitzer, with the exception of item 10, and support the utilization of the Spanish version of this scale in the workplace. Future research should more extensively investigate its construct validity, and test the nomological network of the operationalized construct within the field of psychological well-being and in the context of the workplace (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es adaptar al español la escala de Empoderamiento Psicológico en el trabajo desarrollada por Spreitzer (1995a). Se llevó a cabo un proceso de traducción y retrotraducción de los ítems que la componen y se exploraron sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de 272 profesionales de enfermería de hospitales públicos en la provincia de Sevilla. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis factorial confirmatorio. La significación del peso factorial mostró la necesidad de especificar un nuevo modelo eliminando un ítem. La versión de 11 ítems mostró una adecuada validez de constructo y consistencia interna. Los resultados confirman la estructural factorial original de cuatro factores obtenida por Spreitzer, a excepción del ítem 10, y apoyan la utilización de la versión española de esta escala en contextos laborales. Futuras investigaciones deben profundizar en la validación del constructo y probar la red nomológica de la operacionalización del constructo en el ámbito del bienestar psicológico en el contexto laboral (AU)

Contribuciones de la Psicología de la Liberación a la Integración de la Población Inmigrante / Contributions of Liberation Psychology to the Integration of the Immigrant Population

La migración es una dimensión inherente a la conducta humana desde el comienzo de la humanidad. Sin embargo, los éxodos actuales de personas empobrecidas hacia las zonas más opulentas del planeta representan nuevos desafíos que necesitan ser explorados con nuevas perspectivas y aproximaciones. La psicología de la liberación puede ayudar a dar respuesta a estos desafíos. Por un lado, permite explicar el sufrimiento de personas desplazadas e inmigrantes en términos de experiencias opresivas de vida impuestas por grupos que pretenden perpetuar y aumentar sus privilegios. Por otro, permite conocer cómo los inmigrantes confrontan y superan condiciones de injusticia, destruyen su posición de oprimidos, fortalecen lazos con otros grupos y llevan a cabo acciones colectivas para asegurar cohesión social y cooperación en los contextos de recepción y logran equitativas relaciones multiculturales. Este artículo describe las iniciativas que ha llevado a cabo CESPYD (Coalición para el Estudio de la Salud, el Poder y la Diversidad) para abordar en profundidad estos aspectos. Primero, discutimos las dificultades que la perspectiva dominante de la psicología de la aculturación tiene para abordar los desafíos de las nuevas migraciones. Complementariamente, proponemos la psicología de la liberación como un adecuado enfoque para completarla perspectiva tradicional. A continuación, redefinimos los conceptos de integración y competenciacultural como procesos de empoderamiento psicopolítico y las organizaciones de base comunitaria y las organizaciones sanitarias como escenarios comunitarios empoderadores. Finalmente, este artículo propone algunas direcciones de investigación que pueden ser abordadas desde este enfoque (AU)

Mobility is a human dimension that has been a part of human behaviour since humanity began. However, the actual exodus of impoverished people to the more opulent zones of the planet represents new challenges that need to be explored with new perspectives and approaches. Liberation psychology can assistin answering these challenges. On one hand, it permits an explanation of displaced people and poor immigrants’human suffering in terms of the life experiences oppressively imposed on them by other human groups as a means to maintain privileges. On the other hand, it allows knowing how immigrants confrontand overcome unjust conditions, destroy their position as oppressed, strengthen bonds with other groups,and carry out actions as a means to forge cohesion and cooperation in the contexts of reception and toachieve equitable multicultural international relations. This paper describes the initiatives that we have achieved in CESPYD for the purpose of studying these aspects in depth. First we discuss the difficulties that the dominant perspective of acculturation psychology poses in tackling the challenges that new migration represents. Additionally, we suggest liberation psychology as an adequate focus to complete a traditional perspective. Furthermore, we redefine concepts of integration and cultural competency as processes of psychopolitical empowerment and the community-based organizations and health organizations as empowering community settings. Finally, this paper proposes some research directions that can broaden its focus (AU)

Influencia de las prácticas hospitalarias en el inicio y el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna / Influence of hospital practices on duration of breastfeeding

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de lactancia materna en el hospital y a los 1, 3 y 6 meses de vida, así como la asociación existente entre las prácticas hospitalarias y el tipo de alimentación de los recién nacidos. Material y método. Estudio observacional longitudinal prospectivo realizado en los 3 grandes hospitales públicos de Sevilla. Participaron 584 mujeres que dieron a luz entre marzo y junio del 2001. En el proceso de selección se estratificó por hospitales y, posteriormente, se utilizó un procedimiento de muestreo aleatorio sistemático. El único criterio de exclusión fue la ausencia de teléfono. Se utilizó un cuestionario de elaboración propia basado en la bibliografía consultada, que las madres cumplimentaban al alta hospitalaria. Posteriormente la información se recogió telefónicamente. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos y se aplicó el test de la X2 para p < 0,05. Resultados. La prevalencia de lactancia materna al alta hospitalaria fue del 93,1 por ciento; al mes de vida, del 80,9 por ciento; a los 3 meses, del 57,4 por ciento, y a los 6 meses, del 31,7 por ciento. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la lactancia materna fue similar a la de otros estudios españoles con representatividad nacional. Las rutinas hospitalarias ejercen una influencia notable en el inicio de la lactancia materna pero, a medida que transcurren los meses, van perdiendo relevancia (AU)