Beyond the surface: Understanding obsessive symptoms and body perceptions, from shape concerns to fear of blushing.

INTRODUCTION: Recent reclassifications have expanded the understanding of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCDs), now incorporated into a broader category known as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders (OCRDs). This study sought to assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms and body uneasiness among outpatients seeking treatment for Eating Disorders (ED). Additionally, we aimed to explore associations and potential mediation effects between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and body uneasiness. This investigation extended beyond concerns related solely to body shape and weight, encompassing fears associated with specific body components (such as facial features, abdominal region, and limbs) or functions (including sweating, blushing, emitting noises, and releasing odors). METHODS: Psychometric assessments included the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) and the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT). Statistical analyses involved bivariate correlations, linear regression, and mediation analysis to explore the associations and potential mediation effects between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and different manifestations of body uneasiness. RESULTS: The sample (N = 210) demonstrated substantial obsessive-compulsive symptoms and notable body discomfort. OCI-R scores positively correlated with various dimensions of body dissatisfaction, including shape, weight, and specific body components or functions. Linear regression revealed significant associations between OCI-R scores and overall body uneasiness (BUT-A) as well as concerns about body components or functions (BUTB). Mediation analysis indicated that BUT-A mediated the relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and BUTB. CONCLUSION: This study offers new insights into the comprehensive landscape of OCRDs. It specifically emphasizes the association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and body uneasiness, embracing not only concerns about body shape and weight but also extending to body components and functions.

Longitudinal trajectories of psychosocial functioning in patients with pre-existing mental disorders after one year of COVID-19 pandemic.

Aims of the present study were to prospectively assess psychosocial functioning trajectories during the COVID pandemic and the possible impact of sociodemographic variables, as well as of COVID-19 pandemic-related factors, on these trajectories, in a sample of patients with pre-existing severe mental disorders. Moreover, we aimed at identifying predictors of impairment in psychosocial functioning over a period of 9 months of COVID-19 pandemic. Patients were recruited during the 3rd wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (T0, March-April 2021) while strict containment measures were applied in Italy, and reassessed after 3 months (T1, June-July 2021), and after 6 months from T1 (T2- November-December 2021), during the 4th wave of COVID pandemic. A sample of 300 subject (out of the 527 subjects recruited at baseline) completed the T2 evaluation. Patients were assessed by: Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) for psychosocial functioning, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) for anxiety symptoms, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depressive symptoms and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised, for post-traumatic symptoms. Cluster analyses identified 4 trajectories of functioning: the High, Stable Functioning group (N = 77), the Improvement Functioning group (N = 62), the Progressive Impairment group (N = 83) and the Persistent Severe Impairment group (N = 78) respectively. We found that predictors of higher WSAS score at T2 were higher WSAS score at T0 (B = 0.43, p < .001), PHQ scores at baseline >10 (B = 2.89, p < .05), while not living alone was found to be a protective factor (B = -2.5, p < .05). Results of the present study provides insights into the vulnerability of individuals with psychiatric disorders during times of crisis. Study findings can contribute to a better understanding of the specific needs of this population and inform interventions and support strategies.

Management of Soybean Cyst Nematode and Sudden Death Syndrome with Nematode-Protectant Seed Treatments Across Multiple Environments in Soybean.

As soybean (Glycine max) production continues to expand in the United States and Canada, so do pathogens and pests that directly threaten soybean yield potential and economic returns for farmers. One such pathogen is the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines). SCN has traditionally been managed using SCN-resistant cultivars and rotation with nonhost crops, but the interaction of SCN with sudden death syndrome (SDS; caused by Fusarium virguliforme) in the field makes management more difficult. Nematode-protectant seed treatments have become options for SCN and SDS management. The objectives of this study were to evaluate nematode-protectant seed treatments for their effects on (i) early and full season SCN reproduction, (ii) foliar symptoms and root-rot caused by SDS, and (iii) soybean yield across environments accounting for the above factors. Using a standard protocol, field trials were implemented in 13 states and one Canadian province from 2019 to 2021 constituting 51 site-years. Six nematode-protectant seed treatment products were compared with a fungicide + insecticide base treatment and a nontreated check. Initial (at soybean planting) and final (at soybean harvest) SCN egg populations were enumerated, and SCN females were extracted from roots and counted at 30 to 35 days postplanting. Foliar disease index (FDX) and root rot caused by the SDS pathogen were evaluated, and yield data were collected for each plot. No seed treatment offered significant nematode control versus the nontreated check for in-season and full-season nematode response, no matter the initial SCN population or FDX level. Of all treatments, ILEVO (fluopyram) and Saltro (pydiflumetofen) provided more consistent increases in yield over the nontreated check in a broader range of SCN environments, even when FDX level was high.

A transformer-based approach for early prediction of soybean yield using time-series images.

Crop yield prediction which provides critical information for management decision-making is of significant importance in precision agriculture. Traditional manual inspection and calculation are often laborious and time-consuming. For yield prediction using high-resolution images, existing methods, e.g., convolutional neural network, are challenging to model long range multi-level dependencies across image regions. This paper proposes a transformer-based approach for yield prediction using early-stage images and seed information. First, each original image is segmented into plant and soil categories. Two vision transformer (ViT) modules are designed to extract features from each category. Then a transformer module is established to deal with the time-series features. Finally, the image features and seed features are combined to estimate the yield. A case study has been conducted using a dataset that was collected during the 2020 soybean-growing seasons in Canadian fields. Compared with other baseline models, the proposed method can reduce the prediction error by more than 40%. The impact of seed information on predictions is studied both between models and within a single model. The results show that the influence of seed information varies among different plots but it is particularly important for the prediction of low yields.

Field and Greenhouse Assessment of Seed Treatment Fungicides for Management of Sudden Death Syndrome and Yield Response of Soybean.

Seed treatments for the management of sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium virguliforme are available in the United States and Canada; however, side-by-side comparisons of these seed treatments are lacking. Sixteen field experiments were established in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin, United States, and Ontario, Canada, in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate seed treatment combinations. Treatments included a nontreated check (NTC), fungicide and insecticide base seed treatments (base), fluopyram, base + fluopyram, base + saponin extracts from Chenopodium quinoa, base + fluopyram + heat-killed Burkholderia rinojenses, base + pydiflumetofen, base + thiabendazole + heat-killed B. rinojenses, and base + thiabendazole + C. quinoa extracts + heat-killed B. rinojenses. Treatments were tested on SDS moderately resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars at each location. Overall, NTC and base had the most root rot, most foliar disease index (FDX), and lowest yield. Base + fluopyram and base + pydiflumetofen were most effective for managing SDS. Moderately resistant cultivars reduced FDX in both years but visual root rot was greater on the moderately resistant than the susceptible cultivars in 2020. Yield response to cultivar was also inconsistent between the 2 years. In 2020, the susceptible cultivar provided significantly more yield than the moderately resistant cultivar. Treatment effect for root rot and FDX was similar in field and greenhouse evaluations. These results reinforce the need to include root rot evaluations in addition to foliar disease evaluations in the breeding process for resistance to F. virguliforme and highlights the importance of an integrated SDS management plan because not a single management tactic alone provides adequate control of the disease.

Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part 1: National cancer statistics.

BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate to provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. METHODS: Data on new cancer diagnoses during 2001-2018 were obtained from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries' Cancer in North America Incidence file, which is comprised of data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded and National Cancer Institute-funded, population-based cancer registry programs. Data on cancer deaths during 2001-2019 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Vital Statistics System. Five-year average incidence and death rates along with trends for all cancers combined and for the leading cancer types are reported by sex, racial/ethnic group, and age. RESULTS: Overall cancer incidence rates were 497 per 100,000 among males (ranging from 306 among Asian/Pacific Islander males to 544 among Black males) and 431 per 100,000 among females (ranging from 309 among Asian/Pacific Islander females to 473 among American Indian/Alaska Native females) during 2014-2018. The trend during the corresponding period was stable among males and increased 0.2% on average per year among females, with differing trends by sex, racial/ethnic group, and cancer type. Among males, incidence rates increased for three cancers (including pancreas and kidney), were stable for seven cancers (including prostate), and decreased for eight (including lung and larynx) of the 18 most common cancers considered in this analysis. Among females, incidence rates increased for seven cancers (including melanoma, liver, and breast), were stable for four cancers (including uterus), and decreased for seven (including thyroid and ovary) of the 18 most common cancers. Overall cancer death rates decreased by 2.3% per year among males and by 1.9% per year among females during 2015-2019, with the sex-specific declining trend reflected in every major racial/ethnic group. During 2015-2019, death rates decreased for 11 of the 19 most common cancers among males and for 14 of the 20 most common cancers among females, with the steepest declines (>4% per year) reported for lung cancer and melanoma. Five-year survival for adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer improved between 2001 and 2018; however, overall incidence (2001-2018) and mortality (2001-2019) continued to increase for this site. Among children (younger than 15 years), recent trends were stable for incidence and decreased for mortality; and among, adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years), recent trends increased for incidence and declined for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer death rates continued to decline overall, for children, and for adolescents and young adults, and treatment advances have led to accelerated declines in death rates for several sites, such as lung and melanoma. The increases in incidence rates for several common cancers in part reflect changes in risk factors, screening test use, and diagnostic practice. Racial/ethnic differences exist in cancer incidence and mortality, highlighting the need to understand and address inequities. Population-based incidence and mortality data inform prevention, early detection, and treatment efforts to help reduce the cancer burden in the United States.

Is orthorexia nervosa a feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder? A multicentric, controlled study.

PURPOSE: The term orthorexia nervosa (ON) was coined to describe altered thoughts and behaviours related to healthy eating. The prevalence of ON was found to scale up to almost 90% among high-risk populations (ballet dancers, athletes, and health workers). ON seem to share psychopathological aspects with both Eating Disorders (ED) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The aim of the study was to analyse the frequency and intensity of ON symptoms among subjects diagnosed with OCD, hypothesising that they would be higher than in two control groups (subjects with anxiety-depressive disorders and general population). METHODS: We conducted a multi-centre, observational, controlled study. Subjects filled in a socio-demographic questionnaire including questions related to life-style and two psychometric instruments: ORTO-15, for ON symptoms, and OCI-R, for OCD symptoms. Post hoc analysis of the dataset was performed using the revised version of ORTO-15, the ORTO-R. RESULTS: In the final sample of 328 subjects, the overall prevalence of ORTO-15-ON was 59.5%, mean score 37.9 ± 4.2. The mean score at the ORTO-R was 16.6 ± 4.6. No statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of ON or in the mean ORTO-15 score among OCD patients and the two control groups, and this was confirmed by the multiple regression analysis. At the ORTO-R re-scoring, OCD patients scored significantly lower than the two clinical subgroups (p = .0005) and a lower ORTO-R score was associated to positivity at the OCI-R, confirming the initial hypothesis of the study. CONCLUSIONS: ON symptoms do seem to be more prevalent among subjects suffering from OCD. The psychometric properties of tools available to calculate ON symptoms, namely ORTO-15 vs. ORTO-R, play a relevant role in explaining such finding. ORTO-R seems to be a valid alternative able to overcome such difficulties, though further studies are needed to confirm this.

Influence of Fusarium virguliforme Temporal Colonization of Corn, Tillage, and Residue Management on Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome and Soybean Yield.

The asymptomatic host range of Fusarium virguliforme includes corn, a common crop rotated with soybean that we hypothesize may alter F. virguliforme population dynamics and disease management. A field-based approach explored the temporal dynamics of F. virguliforme colonization of corn and soybean roots under different tillage and residue managements. Experiments were conducted in Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, United States and Ontario, Canada from 2016 to 2018. Corn and soybean roots were sampled at consecutive timepoints between 1 and 16 weeks after planting. DNA was extracted from all roots and analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR for F. virguliforme quantification. Trials were rotated between corn and soybean, containing a two-by-two factorial of tillage (no-tilled or tilled) and corn residue (with or without) in several experimental designs. In 2016, low amounts (approximately 100 fg per 10 mg of root tissue) of F. virguliforme were detected in the inoculated Iowa, Indiana, and Michigan locations and noninoculated Wisconsin corn fields. However, in 2017, greater levels of F. virguliforme DNA were detected in Iowa, Indiana, and Michigan across sampling timepoints. Tillage practices showed inconsistent effects on F. virguliforme root colonization and sudden death syndrome (SDS) foliar symptoms among trials and locations. However, residue management did not alter root colonization of corn or soybean by F. virguliforme. Plots with corn residue had greater SDS foliar disease index in Iowa in 2016. However, this trend was not observed across the site-years, indicating that corn residue may occasionally increase SDS foliar symptoms depending on the disease level and soil and weather factors.

Meta-Analysis of Soybean Yield Response to Foliar Fungicides Evaluated from 2005 to 2018 in the United States and Canada.

Random-effect meta-analyses were performed on data from 240 field trials conducted between 2005 and 2018 across nine U.S. states and Ontario, Canada, to quantify the yield response of soybean after application of foliar fungicides at beginning pod (R3) stage. Meta-analysis showed that the overall mean yield response when fungicide was used compared with not applying a fungicide was 2.7% (110 kg/ha). Moderator variables were also investigated and included fungicide group, growing season, planting date, and base yield, which all significantly influenced the yield response. There was also evidence that precipitation from the time of planting to the R3 growth stage influenced yield when fungicide was used (P = 0.059). Fungicides containing a premix of active ingredients from multiple groups (either two or three ingredients) increased the yield by 3.0% over not applying a fungicide. The highest and lowest yield responses were observed in 2005 and 2007, respectively. Better yield response to fungicides (a 3.0% increase) occurred when soybean crops were planted not later than 21 May and when total precipitation between planting and the R3 application date was above historic averages. Temperatures during the season did not influence the yield response. Yield response to fungicide was higher (a 4.7% increase) in average yield category (no spray control yield 2,878 to 3,758 kg/ha) and then gradually decreased with increasing base yield. Partial economic analyses indicated that use of foliar fungicides is less likely to be profitable when foliar diseases are absent or at low levels.

Relationship Between Sudden Death Syndrome caused by Fusarium virguliforme and Soybean Yield: A Meta-Analysis.

In total, 52 uniform field experiments were conducted in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, South Dakota, and Wisconsin in the United States and Ontario, Canada from 2013 to 2017 comparing crop protection products against sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean. Data were analyzed using meta-analytic models to summarize the relationship between foliar disease index (FDX) and yield. For each study, correlation and regression analyses were performed separately to determine three effect sizes: Fisher's transformation of correlation coefficients (Z r ), intercept (ß0), and slope (ß1). Random- and mixed-effect meta-analyses were used to summarize the effect sizes. Study- and location-specific moderator variables FDX (low < 10% and high ≥ 10%), date of planting (early = prior to 7 May, conventional = 7 to 21 May, and late = after 21 May) cultivar (susceptible and partially resistant to SDS), study location, and growing season were used as fixed effects. The overall mean effect sizes of transformed correlation coefficient [Formula: see text] r was -0.41 and different from zero (P < 0.001), indicating that yield was negatively correlated with FDX. The [Formula: see text] r was affected by disease level (P < 0.01) and cultivar (P = 0.02), with a greater effect at higher disease levels and with susceptible cultivars. The mean [Formula: see text] 0 was 4,121 kg/ha and mean [Formula: see text] 1 was -21 kg/ha/% FDX and were different from zero (P < 0.01). Results from these data indicate that, for every unit of FDX increase, yield was decreased by 0.5%. Study locations and year affected the [Formula: see text] 0 , whereas none of the moderator variables significantly affected [Formula: see text] 1.

Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part I: National cancer statistics.

BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate to provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. METHODS: Data on new cancer diagnoses during 2001 through 2016 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded and National Cancer Institute-funded population-based cancer registry programs and compiled by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Data on cancer deaths during 2001 through 2017 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Vital Statistics System. Trends in incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancer types by sex, racial/ethnic group, and age were estimated by joinpoint analysis and characterized by the average annual percent change during the most recent 5 years (2012-2016 for incidence and 2013-2017 for mortality). RESULTS: Overall, cancer incidence rates decreased 0.6% on average per year during 2012 through 2016, but trends differed by sex, racial/ethnic group, and cancer type. Among males, cancer incidence rates were stable overall and among non-Hispanic white males but decreased in other racial/ethnic groups; rates increased for 5 of the 17 most common cancers, were stable for 7 cancers (including prostate), and decreased for 5 cancers (including lung and bronchus [lung] and colorectal). Among females, cancer incidence rates increased during 2012 to 2016 in all racial/ethnic groups, increasing on average 0.2% per year; rates increased for 8 of the 18 most common cancers (including breast), were stable for 6 cancers (including colorectal), and decreased for 4 cancers (including lung). Overall, cancer death rates decreased 1.5% on average per year during 2013 to 2017, decreasing 1.8% per year among males and 1.4% per year among females. During 2013 to 2017, cancer death rates decreased for all cancers combined among both males and females in each racial/ethnic group, for 11 of the 19 most common cancers among males (including lung and colorectal), and for 14 of the 20 most common cancers among females (including lung, colorectal, and breast). The largest declines in death rates were observed for melanoma of the skin (decreasing 6.1% per year among males and 6.3% among females) and lung (decreasing 4.8% per year among males and 3.7% among females). Among children younger than 15 years, cancer incidence rates increased an average of 0.8% per year during 2012 to 2016, and cancer death rates decreased an average of 1.4% per year during 2013 to 2017. Among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 39 years, cancer incidence rates increased an average of 0.9% per year during 2012 to 2016, and cancer death rates decreased an average of 1.0% per year during 2013 to 2017. CONCLUSIONS: Although overall cancer death rates continue to decline, incidence rates are leveling off among males and are increasing slightly among females. These trends reflect population changes in cancer risk factors, screening test use, diagnostic practices, and treatment advances. Many cancers can be prevented or treated effectively if they are found early. Population-based cancer incidence and mortality data can be used to inform efforts to decrease the cancer burden in the United States and regularly monitor progress toward goals.

Genetic Structure of Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IIIB from Soybean in Illinois, Ohio, and Ontario.

Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IIIB is an important seedling pathogen of soybean in North America and other soybean-growing regions around the world. There is no information regarding the population genetics of field populations of R. solani associated with soybean seedling disease. More specifically, information regarding genetic diversity, the mode of reproduction, and the evolutionary factors that shape different R. solani populations separated in time and space are lacking. We exploited genotyping by sequencing as a tool to assess the genetic structure of R. solani AG-2-2IIIB populations from Illinois, Ohio, and Ontario and investigate the reproductive mode of this subgroup. Our results revealed differences in genotypic diversity among three populations, with the Ontario population having greatest diversity. An overrepresentation of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and a rejection of the null hypothesis of random mating in all three populations suggested clonality within each population. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed long terminal multifurcating branches for most members of the Ontario population, suggesting a mixed reproductive mode for this population. Analysis of molecular variance revealed low levels of population differentiation, and sharing of similar MLGs among populations highlights the role of genotype flow as an evolutionary force shaping population structure of this subgroup.

Effect of Seed Treatment and Foliar Crop Protection Products on Sudden Death Syndrome and Yield of Soybean.

Sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme, is an important soilborne disease of soybean. Risk of SDS increases when cool and wet conditions occur soon after planting. Recently, multiple seed treatment and foliar products have been registered and advertised for management of SDS but not all have been tested side by side in the same field experiment at multiple field locations. In 2015 and 2016, seed treatment fungicides fluopyram and thiabendazole; seed treatment biochemical pesticides citric acid and saponins extract of Chenopodium quinoa; foliar fungicides fluoxastrobin + flutriafol; and an herbicide, lactofen, were evaluated in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Ontario for SDS management. Treatments were tested on SDS-resistant and -susceptible cultivars at each location. Overall, fluopyram provided the highest level of control of root rot and foliar symptoms of SDS among all the treatments. Foliar application of lactofen reduced foliar symptoms in some cases but produced the lowest yield. In 2015, fluopyram reduced the foliar disease index (FDX) by over 50% in both resistant and susceptible cultivars and provided 8.9% yield benefit in susceptible cultivars and 3.5% yield benefit in resistant cultivars compared with the base seed treatment (control). In 2016, fluopyram reduced FDX in both cultivars by over 40% compared with the base seed treatment. For yield in 2016, treatment effect was not significant in the susceptible cultivar while, in the resistant cultivar, fluopyram provided 3.5% greater yield than the base seed treatment. In this study, planting resistant cultivars and using fluopyram seed treatment were the most effective tools for SDS management. However, plant resistance provided an overall better yield-advantage than using fluopyram seed treatment alone. Effective seed treatments can be an economically viable consideration to complement resistant cultivars for managing SDS.

Occurrence and Distribution of Physiological Races of Exserohilum turcicum in Ontario, Canada.

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by Exserohilum turcicum is the most common and economically significant fungal leaf disease of corn in Ontario, Canada. During the past 10 years in Ontario, severity and incidence of NCLB have increased, possibly owing to the appearance of new races. Several races have been identified in various parts of the world; however, information on occurrence and distribution of races in Ontario is lacking. In the current study, 677 single conidial isolates of E. turcicum were isolated from 687 symptomatic leaf samples collected between 2012 and 2016. These isolates were evaluated for pathogenicity on six corn differential inbreds (A619, A619Ht1, A619Ht2, A619Ht3, A632Htn1, and H102Htm1) under controlled environmental conditions and then grouped into 17 physiological races (0, 1, 2, 3, M, N, 12, 1M, 1N, 3M, 13M, 12N, 13N, 1MN, 12MN, 13MN, 123MN) based on the reaction of the inbreds to infection (resistant or susceptible). Four races (0, 1M, 1N, and 1MN) were most frequent, with an isolation frequency of 13, 10, 12, and 41%, respectively. Seventy-six percent of the isolates were virulent on more than one Ht resistance gene, with 2.4% (16 isolates) virulent on all five Ht resistance genes used in this study. Further analysis of the distribution of races in four regions over the years revealed that the occurrence and distribution of the races changed with time in Ontario. Overall, the frequency of virulence of the 677 isolates screened on the differentials with resistance genes Ht1, Ht2, Ht3, Htm1, and Htn1 varied from 6 to 81% (Ht1 81%, Ht2 6%, Ht3 12%, Htm1 64%, and Htn1 64%). Virulent isolates produced fewer lesions on the Htm1 differential, and smaller lesions that were slower and having less sporulation on the Htn1 differential, compared with infection of the differentials with Ht1, Ht2, and Ht3 resistance genes. Virulence frequency also changed within the four geographical regions of Ontario, with fewer isolates virulent on all resistance genes in eastern Ontario compared with southern and western Ontario. Isolates from southern Ontario had greater virulence frequency against Ht1 and Htm1, whereas isolates from western Ontario were more frequently virulent on Ht1 and Htn1. The information generated in this study on the distribution of E. turcicum races in Ontario corn will help growers to select appropriate hybrids with required resistance genes and will assist seed companies in deploying resistance genes in corn hybrids across the province or within a particular region.

Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Featuring Cancer in Men and Women Age 20-49 Years.

BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends by cancer type, sex, race, ethnicity, and age in the United States. This year's report highlights the cancer burden among men and women age 20-49 years. METHODS: Incidence data for the years 1999 to 2015 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- and National Cancer Institute-funded population-based cancer registry programs compiled by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and death data for the years 1999 to 2016 from the National Vital Statistics System were used. Trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates, estimated by joinpoint, were expressed as average annual percent change. RESULTS: Overall cancer incidence rates (per 100 000) for all ages during 2011-2015 were 494.3 among male patients and 420.5 among female patients; during the same time period, incidence rates decreased 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.6% to -1.6%) per year in men and were stable in females. Overall cancer death rates (per 100 000) for all ages during 2012-2016 were 193.1 among male patients and 137.7 among female patients. During 2012-2016, overall cancer death rates for all ages decreased 1.8% (95% CI = -1.8% to -1.8%) per year in male patients and 1.4% (95% CI = -1.4% to -1.4%) per year in females. Important changes in trends were stabilization of thyroid cancer incidence rates in women and rapid declines in death rates for melanoma of the skin (both sexes). Among adults age 20-49 years, overall cancer incidence rates were substantially lower among men (115.3 per 100 000) than among women (203.3 per 100 000); cancers with the highest incidence rates (per 100 000) among men were colon and rectum (13.1), testis (10.7), and melanoma of the skin (9.8), and among women were breast (73.2), thyroid (28.4), and melanoma of the skin (14.1). During 2011 to 2015, the incidence of all invasive cancers combined among adults age 20-49 years decreased -0.7% (95% CI = -1.0% to -0.4%) among men and increased among women (1.3%, 95% CI = 0.7% to 1.9%). The death rate for (per 100 000) adults age 20-49 years for all cancer sites combined during 2012 to 2016 was 22.8 among men and 27.1 among women; during the same time period, death rates decreased 2.3% (95% CI = -2.4% to -2.2%) per year among men and 1.7% (95% CI = -1.8% to -1.6%) per year among women. CONCLUSIONS: Among people of all ages and ages 20-49 years, favorable as well as unfavorable trends in site-specific cancer incidence were observed, whereas trends in death rates were generally favorable. Characterizing the cancer burden may inform research and cancer-control efforts.

Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, part I: National cancer statistics.

BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate to provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. METHODS: Incidence data were obtained from the CDC-funded and NCI-funded population-based cancer registry programs and compiled by NAACCR. Data on cancer deaths were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics National Vital Statistics System. Trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancer types by sex, race, and ethnicity were estimated by joinpoint analysis and expressed as the annual percent change. Stage distribution and 5-year survival by stage at diagnosis were calculated for breast cancer, colon and rectum (colorectal) cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, and melanoma of the skin. RESULTS: Overall cancer incidence rates from 2008 to 2014 decreased by 2.2% per year among men but were stable among women. Overall cancer death rates from 1999 to 2015 decreased by 1.8% per year among men and by 1.4% per year among women. Among men, incidence rates during the most recent 5-year period (2010-2014) decreased for 7 of the 17 most common cancer types, and death rates (2011-2015) decreased for 11 of the 18 most common types. Among women, incidence rates declined for 7 of the 18 most common cancers, and death rates declined for 14 of the 20 most common cancers. Death rates decreased for cancer sites, including lung and bronchus (men and women), colorectal (men and women), female breast, and prostate. Death rates increased for cancers of the liver (men and women); pancreas (men and women); brain and other nervous system (men and women); oral cavity and pharynx (men only); soft tissue, including heart (men only); nonmelanoma skin (men only); and uterus. Incidence and death rates were higher among men than among women for all racial and ethnic groups. For all cancer sites combined, black men and white women had the highest incidence rates compared with other racial groups, and black men and black women had the highest death rates compared with other racial groups. Non-Hispanic men and women had higher incidence and mortality rates than those of Hispanic ethnicity. Five-year survival for cases diagnosed from 2007 through 2013 ranged from 100% (stage I) to 26.5% (stage IV) for female breast cancer, from 88.1% (stage I) to 12.6% (stage IV) for colorectal cancer, from 55.1% (stage I) to 4.2% (stage IV) for lung and bronchus cancer, and from 99.5% (stage I) to 16% (stage IV) for melanoma of the skin. Among children, overall cancer incidence rates increased by 0.8% per year from 2010 to 2014, and overall cancer death rates decreased by 1.5% per year from 2011 to 2015. CONCLUSIONS: For all cancer sites combined, cancer incidence rates decreased among men but were stable among women. Overall, there continue to be significant declines in cancer death rates among both men and women. Differences in rates and trends by race and ethnic group remain. Progress in reducing cancer mortality has not occurred for all sites. Examining stage distribution and 5-year survival by stage highlights the potential benefits associated with early detection and treatment. Cancer 2018;124:2785-2800. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

Benefits and Profitability of Fluopyram-Amended Seed Treatments for Suppressing Sudden Death Syndrome and Protecting Soybean Yield: A Meta-Analysis.

A meta-analytic approach was used to summarize data on the effects of fluopyram-amended seed treatment on sudden death syndrome (SDS) and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) in over 200 field trials conducted in 12 U.S. states and Ontario, Canada from 2013 to 2015. In those trials, two treatments-the commercial base (CB), and CB plus fluopyram (CBF)-were tested, and all disease and yield data were combined to conduct a random-effects and mixed-effects meta-analysis (test of moderators) to estimate percent control and yield response relative to CB. Overall, a 35% reduction in foliar disease and 295 kg/ha (7.6%) increase in yield were estimated for CBF relative to CB. Sowing date and geographic region affected both estimates. The variation in yield response was explained partially by disease severity (19%), geographic region (8%), and sowing date (10%) but not by the resistance level of the cultivar. The probability of not offsetting the cost of fluopyram was estimated on a range of grain prices and treatment cost combinations. There was a high probability (>80%) of yield gains when disease level was high in any cost-price combinations tested but very low when the foliar symptoms of the disease were absent.

Effect of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Source and Seed Treatment on Population Densities of Heterodera glycines, Sudden Death Syndrome, and Yield of Soybean.

A three-year study was conducted in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Ontario, Canada, from 2013 through 2015 to determine the effect of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars' source of soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) resistance on SCN population densities, sudden death syndrome (SDS; caused by Fusarium virguliforme), and yield of soybean. Five cultivars were evaluated with and without fluopyram seed treatment at each location. Cultivars with no SCN resistance had greater SDS severity, greater postharvest SCN egg counts (Pf), and lower yield than cultivars with plant introduction (PI) 548402 (Peking) and PI 88788-type of SCN resistance (P < 0.05). Cultivars with Peking-type resistance had lower Pf than those with PI 888788-type and no SCN resistance. In two locations with HG type 1.2-, cultivars with Peking-type resistance had greater foliar disease index (FDX) than cultivars with PI 88788-type. Fluopyram seed treatment reduced SDS and improved yield compared with a base seed treatment but did not affect SCN reproduction and Pf (P > 0.05). FDX and Pf were positively correlated in all three years (P < 0.01). Our results indicate that SDS severity may be influenced by SCN population density and HG type, which are important to consider when selecting cultivars for SCN management.

Oomycete Species Associated with Soybean Seedlings in North America-Part II: Diversity and Ecology in Relation to Environmental and Edaphic Factors.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is produced across a vast swath of North America, with the greatest concentration in the Midwest. Root rot diseases and damping-off are a major concern for production, and the primary causal agents include oomycetes and fungi. In this study, we focused on examination of oomycete species distribution in this soybean production system and how environmental and soil (edaphic) factors correlate with oomycete community composition at early plant growth stages. Using a culture-based approach, 3,418 oomycete isolates were collected from 11 major soybean-producing states and most were identified to genus and species using the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA. Pythium was the predominant genus isolated and investigated in this study. An ecology approach was taken to understand the diversity and distribution of oomycete species across geographical locations of soybean production. Metadata associated with field sample locations were collected using geographical information systems. Operational taxonomic units (OTU) were used in this study to investigate diversity by location, with OTU being defined as isolate sequences with 97% identity to one another. The mean number of OTU ranged from 2.5 to 14 per field at the state level. Most OTU in this study, classified as Pythium clades, were present in each field in every state; however, major differences were observed in the relative abundance of each clade, which resulted in clustering of states in close proximity. Because there was similar community composition (presence or absence) but differences in OTU abundance by state, the ordination analysis did not show strong patterns of aggregation. Incorporation of 37 environmental and edaphic factors using vector-fitting and Mantel tests identified 15 factors that correlate with the community composition in this survey. Further investigation using redundancy analysis identified latitude, longitude, precipitation, and temperature as factors that contribute to the variability observed in community composition. Soil parameters such as clay content and electrical conductivity also affected distribution of oomycete species. The present study suggests that oomycete species composition across geographical locations of soybean production is affected by a combination of environmental and edaphic conditions. This knowledge provides the basis to understand the ecology and distribution of oomycete species, especially those able to cause diseases in soybean, providing cues to develop management strategies.