Interleukin-18 (rs187238) and glucose transporter 4 (rs5435) polymorphisms in Euro-Brazilians with type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component that has been associated with several genetic loci. Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine, which is involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the pathogenesis of various diseases including T1D. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is known to be an insulin-responsive glucose transporter and has been associated with various diseases, including diabetes mellitus. We investigated the association of the polymorphisms rs187238 (IL-18) and rs5435 (GLUT4) in a case-control study in Euro-Brazilians with T1D (N = 136) and healthy subjects (N = 144). Real-time PCR with TaqMan® fluorescent probes were applied for genotyping. All polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The minor allele frequencies for the G-allele (rs187238; IL-18) in healthy and T1D groups were 28.5% [95%CI = 23-34%] vs 31.6% [95%CI = 26-37%], P = 0.416, and for the T-allele (rs5435, GLUT4) were 33% [95%CI = 28-39] vs 27% [95%CI = 23-33%], P = 0.167, respectively. Genotype comparisons for both polymorphisms showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). The polymorphisms rs187238 and rs5435 were not associated with T1D in the studied population. The minor allele frequencies for both polymorphisms were similar to those of other Caucasian populations.

Leptin (rs7799039) and solute carrier family 30 zinc transporter (rs13266634) polymorphisms in Euro-Brazilian pregnant women with gestational diabetes.

Leptin (LEP), a protein that plays a fundamental role in the metabolism of energy reserves, and the solute carrier family 30 A8 zinc transporter (SLC30A8) have been consistently associated with diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes are at moderate risk of developing diabetes type 1 and 2 after pregnancy, in addition to complications to the fetus. We investigated the association of the polymorphisms rs7799039 (LEP) and rs13266634 (SLC30A8) in a case-control study in Euro-Brazilians with gestational diabetes (GDM, N = 134) and healthy pregnant women (control, N = 180). Real-time PCR with fluorescent probes (TaqMan system) was applied to genotyping. All polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The minor allele frequencies, for healthy and GDM, respectively, for the A-allele (LEP gene rs7799039) were 40.3% (95%CI = 35-45%) vs 36.6% (95%CI = 31-42%), P = 0.345; and for the T-allele (SLC30A8 gene rs13266634) were 27.8% (95%CI = 23-32%) vs 23.5% (95%CI = 18-29%), P = 0.227. Genotype comparisons for both polymorphisms showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The polymorphisms rs7799039 and rs13266634 were not associated with GDM in the population studied (P > 0.05). The minor allele frequencies for both polymorphisms were similar to those of other Caucasian populations.

Polymorphism E23K (rs5219) in the KCNJ11 gene in Euro-Brazilian subjects with type 1 and 2 diabetes.

Insulin secretion is regulated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). The potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11) gene, located on chromosome 11p15.1, encodes the subunit Kir6.2 that forms the pore region of KATP channels in pancreatic ß-cells. Among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with KCNJ11, the E23K polymorphism (rs5219) promotes a substitution (G > A) of a glutamic acid residue for lysine at position 23. The E23K SNP has been associated with diabetes in several populations, although with controversial results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the E23K SNP with type 1 and 2 diabetes in a case-control study approved by the Ethics Committee. We genotyped 458 Euro-Brazilian individuals, classified as healthy (control group, CTRL, N = 217), patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D, N = 102), and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D, N = 139). Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using BanII restriction digestion. The restriction fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The genotype (EE/EK/KK) frequencies (%) for the CTRL group (38.2/50.2/11.6), T1D (34.3/52.0/13.7), and T2D (38.2/48.9/12.9) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there were no significant differences (CRTL vs T1D, P = 0.771; CRTL vs T2D, P = 0.937; T1D vs T2D, P = 0.831). The minor allele frequencies (MAF; K) for CTRL (37.0%), T1D (39.7%), and T2D (37.4%) were not different among the groups (P > 0.05). The MAF value for healthy subjects was similar to other Caucasian populations (34.5-37.5%). In summary, the E23K polymorphism (rs5219) was not associated with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in the studied population.

Proteins differentially expressed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strain M03 due to the biliar salt sodium deoxycholate.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause conditions ranging from diarrhea to potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Enteropathogen adaptation to the intestinal environment is necessary for the development of infection, and response to bile is an essential characteristic. We evaluated the response of STEC strain M03 to the bile salt sodium deoxycholate through proteomic analysis. Cell extracts of strain M03 grown with and without sodium deoxycholate were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis; the differentially expressed proteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Three proteins were found to be differentially expressed due to sodium deoxycholate. Glycerol dehydrogenase and phosphate acetyltransferase, which are involved in carbon metabolism and have been associated with virulence in some bacteria, were downregulated. The elongation factor Tu (TufA) was upregulated. This protein participates in the translation process and also has chaperone activities. These findings help us understand strategies for bacterial survival under these conditions.