ABSTRACT
The objective was to evaluate the supplementation of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins on the performance and plasma concentrations of vitamins in modern hybrids pigs. A total of 144 commercial hybrid castrated male, 43.531 ± 1.099kg, were used in a randomized block design with six treatments, eight replicates and three animals per pen. The experimental treatments were different vitamin supplementation levels - 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011) for male pigs in growth I (40 to 50kg), growth II (50 to 70kg), and finishing I (70 to 90kg) phases. For growth phases I and II, a linear effect (P<0.05) due to increase in vitamin supplementation was observed on performance. For finishing phase I and total phase, a linear effect (P<0.05) was observed with increased final average weight (FAW) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). For average daily weight gain (ADWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) a quadratic effect was observed (P<0.05). A linear (P<0.05) increase in plasmatic α-tocopherol and B12 was observed with the 125%. Thus, it is concluded that the 125% vitamin supplementation improved performance of modern hybrids pigs (40 to 90kg).
Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de vitaminas lipossolúveis e hidrossolúveis sobre o desempenho e as concentrações plasmáticas de vitaminas em suínos híbridos modernos. Um total de 144 híbridos machos castrados, 43,531 ± 1,099kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, oito repetições e três animais por baia. Os tratamentos foram diferentes níveis de vitaminas - 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% do recomendado por Rostagno et al. (2011) para suínos machos nas fases de crescimento I (40 a 50kg), crescimento II (50 a 70kg) e terminação I (70 a 90kg). Para as fases de crescimento I e II, observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) devido ao aumento na suplementação vitamínica sobre o desempenho. Para a fase de terminação I e a fase total, observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) com o aumento do peso médio final (PMF) e melhoria da conversão alimentar (CA). Já para as variáveis de ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD) e consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD,) observou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,05). Houve aumento linear (P<0,05) em α-tocoferol e cobalamina plasmáticos devido à suplementação de 125%. Assim, conclui-se que a suplementação com 125% de vitaminas melhorou o desempenho de suínos híbridos modernos (40 a 90kg).
Subject(s)
Animals , Swine/growth & development , Water-Soluble Vitamins , Fat Soluble Vitamins , Weight Gain , Dietary SupplementsABSTRACT
The objective was to determine the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) in soybean meal (SBM), corn + SBM, wheat + SBM and a protein free diet (PFD) associated with phytase. A total of 672 Cobb 500 (493±10g) male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with twelve treatments (PFD, PFD + SBM, PFD + corn + SBM and PFD + wheat + SBM, supplemented with 0, 500 and 1000 FTU), eight replicates and seven birds per cage from 14 to 23 days. Phytase supplementation at 500 FTU increased the SIAAD of methionine in SBM (P<0.05) and threonine in corn + SBM (P<0.05). There was no significant effect (P>0.05) for the SIAAD of methionine, arginine and histidine in wheat + SBM as the phytase supplementation. However, the SIAAD of lysine, threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine, cystine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine and tyrosine differed (P<0.05). In general, the SIAAD for SBM, corn + SBM and wheat + SBM are 90.32, 88.65 and 83.97% (0 FTU); 91.31, 88.81 and 88.36% (500 FTU); and 91.36, 87.09 and 87.87% (1000 FTU). In conclusion, the efficacy of phytase for improve the SIAAD vary according to the feedstuff and level of supplementation.
Objetivou-se determinar a digestibilidade ileal estandardizada dos aminoácidos (SIAAD) do farelo de soja (FS), milho + FS, trigo + FS e uma dieta livre de proteína (PFD) com fitase. Um total de 672 pintos machos (493±10g), Cobb 500, foi distribuído em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com 12 tratamentos (PFD, PFD + FS, PFD + milho + FS e PFD + trigo + FS, suplementados com 0, 500 e 1000 FTU), oito repetições e sete aves por gaiola, no período de 14 a 23 dias. A suplementação de fitase em 500 FTU aumentou o SIAAD da metionina do FS (P<0,05) e da treonina do milho + FS (P<0,05). Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) para o SIAAD de metionina, arginina e histidina no trigo + farelo de soja à medida que os níveis de fitase aumentaram. No entanto, o SIAAD de lisina, treonina, isoleucina, fenilalanina, valina, cistina, alanina, ácido aspártico, ácido glutâmico, glicina, serina e tirosina diferiu (P<0,05). Em geral, a SIAAD do FS, milho + FS e trigo + FS foi de 90,32, 88,65 e 83,97% sem a suplementação de fitase (0 FTU); 91,31, 88,81 e 88,36% (500 FTU); e 91,36, 87,09 e 87,87% (1000 FTU). Em conclusão, a eficácia da suplementação com fitase para aumentar a SIAAD varia de acordo com o alimento e o nível de suplementação.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Glycine max , Triticum , Chickens , Zea mays , Diet/veterinary , Animal Feed/analysis , Phosphorus , Amino AcidsABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different exogenous protease and carbohydrase in broiler diets on the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of soybean meals (SBM) in two Brazilian regions (Minas Gerais-MG and Rio Grande do Sul-RS). The total excreta collection of 528 14-d-old chicks was used to determine AMEn in a completely randomized design in a 2 (SBM MG and RS) x 5 (enzyme A, B, C, D and basal diet) + 1 (reference diet, RD) factorial arrangement, totaling 11 treatments, 8 repetitions, and 6 birds per experimental unit. Two experimental treatments (T1 and T6) without enzyme supplementation formulated with SBM MG and RS were used as negative control (NC). The RD without the inclusion of SBM MG and RS was used to correct the nitrogen balance. To determine the SIAAD, ileal content was collected from of broilers and the same experimental design and treatments of the previous trial were used except for the RD, which was replaced with a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) to quantify the excretion of endogenous amino acids. Soybean meal from MG showed the highest levels (p<0.05) of AME and AMEn (3,188 kcal/kg and 2,700 kcal/kg, respectively) in comparison to SBM RS (3,121 kcal/kg and 2,549 kcal/kg, respectively) and, when supplemented with the exogenous enzyme C, also improved the SIAAD (p<0.05), as compared to other enzymes.(AU)
Subject(s)
Peptide Hydrolases/adverse effects , Energy Intake/physiology , Eating/physiology , Glycine max/chemistry , BrazilABSTRACT
The objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) or vitamin D3 (VitD3) and different total calcium (Ca) levels on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood, enzymatic, and bone biochemistry of broilers reared under heat stress between 1 and 42 days of age. A total of 504 male, Cobb 500, broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (VitD3 or 25(OH)D3 × four Ca levels (100, 90, 80 and 70% of the recommendations of Rostagno et al. (2011)), eight treatments, seven replicates and nine broilers per cage. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not (p>0.05) vary when levels of Ca were reduced and vitamin D3 sources were supplemented in the diets from 1 to 21 days for broilers chickens. 25 (OH)D3 increased weight gain results (p<0.05). From 1 to 42 d, no differences (p>0.05) were observed on performance, carcass yields and meat quality, bone deposition of Ca and P, and alkaline phosphatase concentration. Higher serum (p<0.05) concentrations of Ca and P were found in broilers fed with 25(OH)D3. The replacement of VitD3 with 25(OH)D3 and the Ca reduction of 30% in diets did not negatively affect performance, carcass characteristics, and Ca and P deposition in the tibia of broilers at 42 days of age, under heat stress.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/physiology , Cholecalciferol/adverse effects , Hydroxycholecalciferols/adverse effects , Calcium, Dietary/analysis , Heat-Shock Response/physiologyABSTRACT
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação de cromo-metionina em dietas para frangos de corte criados em estresse por calor, no período de 22 a 43 dias de idade, nos parâmetros de qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados 336 frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb 500, com 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro blocos (cada câmara climática), seis tratamentos (0; 0,10; 0,20; 0,40; 0,80 e 1,20mgkg-1 de Cr na forma de Cr-metionina), oito repetições e sete aves por unidade experimental. Aos 43 dias de idade, duas aves por unidade experimental foram selecionadas e abatidas para avaliação da qualidade da carne de peito, por meio dos parâmetros de pH15min, pH24h, luminosidade (L*), teor de vermelho (a*), teor de amarelo (b*), croma (C*), ângulo hue (Hº), capacidade de retenção de água, perda de peso por cozimento e força de cisalhamento. Houve efeito quadrático (P=0,0070) na capacidade de retenção de água da carne de peito. A suplementação de CrMet não afetou (P>0,05) os demais parâmetros de qualidade da carne. Assim, recomenda-se a suplementação de 0,59mgkg-1 de CrMet para frangos de corte para melhoria da capacidade de retenção de água do peito.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/physiology , Chromium/administration & dosage , Meat/analysis , Methionine/administration & dosage , Heat-Shock Response/physiology , Heat Stress Disorders/veterinaryABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy, standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) and digestible amino acid values of wheat meal (WM), wheat gluten meal (WGM), meat bone meal (MBM) and poultry-by-product meal (PPM) in diets for broilers. In the first experiment, the total excreta collection method was used, with 180 chicks with 14 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + reference diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. In the second experiment, 180 broilers from 24 to 28 days old were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + one protein free diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. The AMEn values of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 3052, 3174, 1556 and 3200 (kcal/kg), respectively. The average SIAAD of the essential and non-essential amino acids of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 74.21, 97.50, 69.28 and 83.08; 76.32, 96.42, 63.93 and 77.66, respectively. The values of the main digestible limiting amino acids were 0.18, 1.42, 0.41 and 0.94 for methionine; 0.20, 1.48, 1.73 and 2.73 for lysine; 0.23, 1.67, 0.72 and 1.89 for threonine; and 0.35, 3.22, 1.38 and 2.47 for valine, respectively for the feedstuffs in study.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Amino Acids/administration & dosage , Animal Feed/analysis , Foods of Animal Origin , FlourABSTRACT
This study aimed to examine the impact of levels of dietary supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens. Three hundred Hy-Line White W-36 laying hens were evaluated from 28 to 44 weeks of age. The birds were allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized block design with 10 replicates with five birds each. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated in four 28-day periods. A corn and soybean meal-based basal diet was formulated so as to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, with the exception of fat-soluble vitamins. The treatments consisted of dietary supplementation with 0%, 33.3%, 66.7%, 100.0%, 133.3% or 166.7% of fat-soluble vitamins (100% supplementation consisted of 7500 IU, 2000 IU, 10 IU and 1.8 mg of vitamins A, D3, E and K per kilogram of diet, respectively). Eggshell weight, shell thickness, shell strength, feed intake, egg weight, feed conversion per egg mass and feed conversion per dozen eggs showed a quadratic response (p0.05) to the treatments, whereas egg mass responded linearly. Optimal results were obtained at an average fat-soluble vitamin supplementation level of 109%, which corresponds to 8175 IU of vitamin A, 2180 IU of vitamin D3, 10.9 IU of vitamin E and 1.96 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/growth & development , Chickens/physiology , Eggs/analysis , Egg Proteins/analysis , Egg Proteins/chemistry , Dietary Supplements/analysisABSTRACT
This study aimed to examine the impact of levels of dietary supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens. Three hundred Hy-Line White W-36 laying hens were evaluated from 28 to 44 weeks of age. The birds were allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized block design with 10 replicates with five birds each. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated in four 28-day periods. A corn and soybean meal-based basal diet was formulated so as to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, with the exception of fat-soluble vitamins. The treatments consisted of dietary supplementation with 0%, 33.3%, 66.7%, 100.0%, 133.3% or 166.7% of fat-soluble vitamins (100% supplementation consisted of 7500 IU, 2000 IU, 10 IU and 1.8 mg of vitamins A, D3, E and K per kilogram of diet, respectively). Eggshell weight, shell thickness, shell strength, feed intake, egg weight, feed conversion per egg mass and feed conversion per dozen eggs showed a quadratic response (p0.05) to the treatments, whereas egg mass responded linearly. Optimal results were obtained at an average fat-soluble vitamin supplementation level of 109%, which corresponds to 8175 IU of vitamin A, 2180 IU of vitamin D3, 10.9 IU of vitamin E and 1.96 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/growth & development , Chickens/physiology , Egg Proteins/analysis , Egg Proteins/chemistry , Eggs/analysis , Dietary Supplements/analysisABSTRACT
1. This work investigates the apparent metabolisable energy (AME), its nitrogen-corrected form (AMEn) and amino acid (AA) digestibility coefficients of the microalgae Spirulina platensis as an ingredient in broiler chicken diets. 2. One group of birds was fed with a basal control diet (BD), and another was fed with a test diet composed of the BD with the addition of the microalgae at a proportion of 200 g/kg. AME and AMEn were assessed by total excreta collection and indigestibility analysis using acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as a marker. 3. The microalgae comprised 888.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), 18.42 MJ/kg gross energy, 514.7 g/kg crude protein, 9.9 g/kg ether extract, 10.6 g/kg crude fibre, 94.4 g/kg ash, 3.1 g/kg Ca and 11.0 g/kg P. 4. The values obtained for AME (13.48 MJ/kg DM) and AMEn (11.72 MJ/kg DM) were higher (p < 0.01) than those obtained using the AIA method (9.39-8.29 MJ/kg DM). The microalgae ileal digestibility coefficients were 0.80 ± 0.04 and 0.78 ± 0.04 for essential and non-essential AA, respectively. 5. Overall, the metabolisable energy content and digestibility of AA for S. platensis indicated that the microalgae are potentially an alternative nutrient source for broilers. The AIA method underestimated AME and AMEn in comparison to the total excreta collection method.
Subject(s)
Chickens/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Digestion , Food Additives/pharmacology , Spirulina , Amino Acids/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Energy Metabolism , Feces/chemistry , Male , Microalgae/metabolism , Nitrogen/metabolismABSTRACT
Objetivou-se determinar a composição química, os valores energéticos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira de aminoácidos de sojas integrais tostadas de cinco regiões. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 13 dias de idade e peso médio de 420,0±5,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração referência) e oito repetições de seis aves. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 288 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 24 dias de idade e peso médio de 865,0±20,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração isenta de proteína à base de amido) e oito repetições de seis aves. Não houve diferença em relação aos teores de EMAn e de CEMAn (P>0,05) entre as sojas integrais. Os valores médios de EMAn, CEMAn situaram-se entre 3152 e 3399kcal/kg e 61,15 e 65,08%, respectivamente. No entanto, houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os CAE, CANE e CPB das sojas integrais, e a amostra cinco obteve os menores valores. Os valores médios para os CAE e CANE da soja integral são de 88,96% e 87,53%, respectivamente.(AU)
The goal of this paper was to determine the chemical composition, the energy values and the amino acid true ileal digestibility coefficients of toasted full-fat soybeans from 5 regions. In the first experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 13 days old and average weight of 420.0±5.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 basal diet) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. In the second experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 24 days old and average weight of 865.0±20.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 protein-free diet based on starch) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. There was no difference regarding the AMEn and AMECn contents (P>0.05) among the full-fat soybeans. The average values of AMEn, AMECn were between 3152-3399 kcal/kg and 61.15 to 65.08%, respectively. However, there were differences (P<0.05) between CEA, CENA and CPC of full-fat soybeans, and sample 5 obtained the lowest values. The average values for CEA and CENA of the full-fat soybean are 88.96% and 87.53%, respectively.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Amino Acids/analysis , Chickens/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Food/analysis , Glycine max/chemistry , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Diet/veterinaryABSTRACT
Objetivou-se determinar a composição química, os valores energéticos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira de aminoácidos de sojas integrais tostadas de cinco regiões. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 13 dias de idade e peso médio de 420,0±5,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração referência) e oito repetições de seis aves. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 288 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 24 dias de idade e peso médio de 865,0±20,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração isenta de proteína à base de amido) e oito repetições de seis aves. Não houve diferença em relação aos teores de EMAn e de CEMAn (P>0,05) entre as sojas integrais. Os valores médios de EMAn, CEMAn situaram-se entre 3152 e 3399kcal/kg e 61,15 e 65,08%, respectivamente. No entanto, houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os CAE, CANE e CPB das sojas integrais, e a amostra cinco obteve os menores valores. Os valores médios para os CAE e CANE da soja integral são de 88,96% e 87,53%, respectivamente.(AU)
The goal of this paper was to determine the chemical composition, the energy values and the amino acid true ileal digestibility coefficients of toasted full-fat soybeans from 5 regions. In the first experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 13 days old and average weight of 420.0±5.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 basal diet) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. In the second experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 24 days old and average weight of 865.0±20.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 protein-free diet based on starch) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. There was no difference regarding the AMEn and AMECn contents (P>0.05) among the full-fat soybeans. The average values of AMEn, AMECn were between 3152-3399 kcal/kg and 61.15 to 65.08%, respectively. However, there were differences (P<0.05) between CEA, CENA and CPC of full-fat soybeans, and sample 5 obtained the lowest values. The average values for CEA and CENA of the full-fat soybean are 88.96% and 87.53%, respectively.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/metabolism , Amino Acids/analysis , Glycine max/chemistry , Food/analysis , Energy Metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary lysine on performance, protein deposition and respiratory chain gene expression in male broilers. A total of 252 Cobb 500 broilers were distributed, in a completely randomized design, into four treatments with seven replicates of nine birds per experimental unit. Experimental treatments consisted of diets based on corn and soybean meal, with four levels of digestible lysine: 1.016%, 1.099%, 1.182% and 1.265%. The increase in the level of digestible lysine in the diet provided higher weight gains, feed efficiency and body protein deposition. Birds fed the lowest level of dietary lysine (1.016%) showed a lower expression of genes such as NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (ND1), cytochrome b (CYTB) and cytochrome c oxidase subunits I (COX I), II (COX II) and III (COX III), displaying the worst performance and body protein deposition. This demonstrates the relationship existing between the expression of the evaluated genes and the performance responses. In conclusion, results indicate that broilers fed diets with higher levels of digestible lysine have increased messenger RNA expression of some genes coded in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ND1, CYTB, COX I, COX II and COX III). It may be stated that diets with proper levels of digestible lysine, within the 'ideal protein' concept, promote the expression of genes, which increases the mitochondrial energy, thereby fostering body protein deposition and the performance of broilers in the starter phase.
Subject(s)
Avian Proteins/genetics , Chickens/growth & development , Lysine/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Avian Proteins/metabolism , Chickens/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Digestion , Male , Pectoralis Muscles/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Random AllocationABSTRACT
The effects of the dietary inclusion of olive pulp (OP) and supplementation birds with a commercial enzyme blend (ENZ) on the performance of broilers were evaluated. Six hundred one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were divided according to a completely randomized design into 10 treatments in a 2×2×2+2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two olive pulp levels (50 and 100 g/kg diet), two pulp categories (processed and non-processed), the inclusion or not of an enzyme blend supplement, and two control treatments without OP and the inclusion or not of the enzyme blend in the diet. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), energy intake (EI), energy efficiency (EE), protein intake (PI), protein efficiency (PE), feed cost per kg live weight (FC/kg), and production index (IP) were determined. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between broilers fed the OP diets and the control diets for all parameters. Processed OP improved FE (p 0.019 from 1-21 days; p 0.005 from 22-42 days; and p 0.008 from 1-42 days of age) and EE (p 0.05) any of the studied variables. The inclusion of OP in the diets at levels up to 100g/kg would does not have deleterious effects on broiler production performance.
Subject(s)
Animals , Food Additives/analysis , Diet/veterinary , Chickens/physiology , Olea/physiology , Enzyme Therapy/veterinary , Energy Consumption/analysis , Animal FeedABSTRACT
Two trials were performed to evaluate the effects of an enzyme complex (EC) on broiler performance, metabolizable energy, and phosphorus and nitrogen balance. In the first trial, 960 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were randomly distributed in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (three nutritional levels and the inclusion or not of EC), totaling six treatments with eight replicates of 20 birds per pen, and reared until 42 days of age. The control diet was formulated to meet the broilers' nutritional requirements. The other diets contained reduced available phosphorus (P), metabolizable energy, and amino acid levels, considering 100% and 150% of the EC nutritional matrix. The inclusion of the EC (200 g/ton) resulted in better broiler performance, improving weight gain in 4% and feed conversion ratio in 3% (p < 0.05). In the second trial, 240 male broilers were randomly distributed into the same treatments with eight replicates of five birds per cage. The method of total excreta collection was used. There was an interaction (p < 0.05) between diets and EC for P intake, nitrogen (N) intake, and N retention. The EC supplementation improved nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy values in 2.02% (p < 0.05). Significant effects were observed on phosphorus and nitrogen balance (p < 0.05). Phosphorus retention improved in 10.26%, nitrogen retention increased in 5.3%, while nitrogen excretion decreased in 3.3%. Based on the results of the present study, we recommend the addition of 200 g/t of the enzyme complex to broiler diets, considering nutrient reduction based on 100% of the EC nutritional matrix.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diet/veterinary , Enzymes/administration & dosage , Chickens/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Phosphorus/analysis , Energy Intake , Nitrogen/analysis , Body Weight , Dietary Supplements/analysisABSTRACT
The effects of the dietary inclusion of olive pulp (OP) and supplementation birds with a commercial enzyme blend (ENZ) on the performance of broilers were evaluated. Six hundred one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were divided according to a completely randomized design into 10 treatments in a 2×2×2+2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two olive pulp levels (50 and 100 g/kg diet), two pulp categories (processed and non-processed), the inclusion or not of an enzyme blend supplement, and two control treatments without OP and the inclusion or not of the enzyme blend in the diet. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), energy intake (EI), energy efficiency (EE), protein intake (PI), protein efficiency (PE), feed cost per kg live weight (FC/kg), and production index (IP) were determined. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between broilers fed the OP diets and the control diets for all parameters. Processed OP improved FE (p 0.019 from 1-21 days; p 0.005 from 22-42 days; and p 0.008 from 1-42 days of age) and EE (p <= 0.012 from 1-21 days; p <=0.012 from 22-42 days; and p <= 0.002 from 1-42 days of age). The enzyme blend supplementation did not influence (p> 0.05) any of the studied variables. The inclusion of OP in the diets at levels up to 100g/kg would does not have deleterious effects on broiler production performance.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/physiology , Diet/veterinary , Food Additives/analysis , Olea/physiology , Enzyme Therapy/veterinary , Animal Feed , Energy Consumption/analysisABSTRACT
Two trials were performed to evaluate the effects of an enzyme complex (EC) on broiler performance, metabolizable energy, and phosphorus and nitrogen balance. In the first trial, 960 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were randomly distributed in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (three nutritional levels and the inclusion or not of EC), totaling six treatments with eight replicates of 20 birds per pen, and reared until 42 days of age. The control diet was formulated to meet the broilers' nutritional requirements. The other diets contained reduced available phosphorus (P), metabolizable energy, and amino acid levels, considering 100% and 150% of the EC nutritional matrix. The inclusion of the EC (200 g/ton) resulted in better broiler performance, improving weight gain in 4% and feed conversion ratio in 3% (p < 0.05). In the second trial, 240 male broilers were randomly distributed into the same treatments with eight replicates of five birds per cage. The method of total excreta collection was used. There was an interaction (p < 0.05) between diets and EC for P intake, nitrogen (N) intake, and N retention. The EC supplementation improved nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy values in 2.02% (p < 0.05). Significant effects were observed on phosphorus and nitrogen balance (p < 0.05). Phosphorus retention improved in 10.26%, nitrogen retention increased in 5.3%, while nitrogen excretion decreased in 3.3%. Based on the results of the present study, we recommend the addition of 200 g/t of the enzyme complex to broiler diets, considering nutrient reduction based on 100% of the EC nutritional matrix.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Enzymes/administration & dosage , Diet/veterinary , Energy Metabolism , Chickens/metabolism , Nitrogen/analysis , Phosphorus/analysis , Energy Intake , Body Weight , Dietary Supplements/analysisABSTRACT
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of ß-mannanase BM: supplementation on the performance, metabolizable energy, amino acid digestibility, and immune function of broilers. A total of 1,600 broilers were randomly distributed in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (4 nutritional levels × 0 or 500 g/ton BM), with 10 replicates and 20 broilers per pen. The same design was used in the energy and digestibility experiments with 8 and 6 replicates, respectively, and 6 broilers per pen. The nutritional levels : NL : were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of broilers : NL1 : ; reductions of 100 kcal metabolizable energy : NL2 : ; 3% of the total amino acids (NL3); and 100 kcal metabolizable energy and 3% total amino acids (NL4) from NL1. The serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration was determined in two broilers per pen, and these broilers were slaughtered to determine the relative weight of spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. Throughout the experiment, the lower nutritional levels reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain : BWG : and increased (P < 0.05) feed conversion : FCR : for the NL4 treatment. The BM increased (P < 0.05) the BWG values and improved (P < 0.05) the FCR of the broilers. The apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) values were reduced (P < 0.05) for NL2 and NL3. The BM increased (P < 0.05) the AMEn values and reduced (P < 0.05) the excreted nitrogen. NL3 and NL4 reduced (P < 0.05) the true ileal digestibility coefficients (TIDc) of the amino acids cystine and glycine, and BM increased (P < 0.05) the TIDc for all amino acids. The addition of BM reduced (P < 0.05) the relative weights of the spleen and bursa. NL2 increased (P < 0.05) the Ig values, whereas BM reduced (P < 0.05) the serum IgA, IgG, and IgM values of the broilers. This study indicates that using suboptimal nutrient levels leads to losses in production parameters, whereas BM-supplemented diets were effective in improving performance, energy values, and TIDc levels of amino acids and immune response of broilers.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids/metabolism , Chickens/growth & development , beta-Mannosidase/pharmacology , Animal Feed , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/drug effects , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Animals , Chickens/immunology , Chickens/metabolism , Chickens/physiology , Dietary Supplements , Digestion/physiology , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Immunity/drug effects , Immunity/physiology , MaleABSTRACT
This study aimed at evaluating four dietary L-Glutamine (L-Gln) or L-Gln plus L-Glutamate (L-Glu) supplementation programs on the performance, breast yield, and uniformity of broilers. A total of 2,112 one-d-old male Cobb 500(r) broilers were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu × 4 supplementation programs), totaling eight treatments with 12 replicates of 22 broilers each. The supplementation programs consisted of the dietary inclusion or not of 0.4% of L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu for four different periods: 0 days (negative control), 9d, 21d, and 42d. Feed intake (FI, g), body weight gain (BWG, g), feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg/kg), coefficient of variation of body weight (CV, %), body weight uniformity (UNIF, %), breast weight (BW, g), breast yield (BY, %), coefficient of variation of breast weight (CVB), breast uniformity (UNIFB), coefficient of variation of breast yield (CVBY), and breast yield uniformity (UNIFBY) were evaluated. Birds fed the diets treatments supplemented with L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu for 9d presented 3% higher BWG (p<0.05) compared with the controls. The L-Gln or L-Gln plus L-Glu supplementation until broilers were 21 days old resulted in 14, 10, 16, and 12% improvements (p<0.05) in CV, UNIF, CVBY, UNIFBY, respectively. The supplementation of 0.4% L-Gln (L-Gln 99%) or L-Gln plus L-Glu (minimum 95%) to pre-starter and starter broiler diets is recommended to improve body weight gain and uniformity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Poultry/growth & development , Poultry/metabolism , Glutamine/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The effects of the dietary inclusion of olive pulp (OP) and the supplementation of a commercial enzyme blend (ENZ) on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) size, and immune and hematological parameters were evaluated. In total, 600 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into 6 treatments according to a completely randomized design, in a 2×2×2 factorial scheme, consisting of the dietary inclusion of two olive pulp levels (50 and 100 g/kg in diet), two pulp categories (processed and unprocessed), and the inclusion or not of an enzyme blend. On d 42, birds were euthanized and blood samples were collected, and lymphoid, hematologic, and GIT organs were measured. The inclusion of 100g/kg OP in the diets increased jejunum relative weight (J%) and jejunum length (p 0.05). Processed OP reduced jejunum weight and length, J%, and left cecum length, serum triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol levels (p 0.05). Enzyme supplementation did affect any of the studied parameters (p>0.05). The OP inclusion improved the GIT size, while processed OP reduced GIT measurements and serum lipid levels.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cellulose/analysis , Cellulose/adverse effects , Dietetics/methods , Chickens/metabolism , Chickens/blood , Olea/enzymologyABSTRACT
The effects of the dietary inclusion of olive pulp (OP) and the supplementation of a commercial enzyme blend (ENZ) on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) size, and immune and hematological parameters were evaluated. In total, 600 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into 6 treatments according to a completely randomized design, in a 2×2×2 factorial scheme, consisting of the dietary inclusion of two olive pulp levels (50 and 100 g/kg in diet), two pulp categories (processed and unprocessed), and the inclusion or not of an enzyme blend. On d 42, birds were euthanized and blood samples were collected, and lymphoid, hematologic, and GIT organs were measured. The inclusion of 100g/kg OP in the diets increased jejunum relative weight (J%) and jejunum length (p 0.05). Processed OP reduced jejunum weight and length, J%, and left cecum length, serum triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol levels (p 0.05). Enzyme supplementation did affect any of the studied parameters (p>0.05). The OP inclusion improved the GIT size, while processed OP reduced GIT measurements and serum lipid levels.(AU)