On-flow magnetic particle activity assay for the screening of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors.

Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (HsPNP) catalyzes reversible phosphorolysis of nucleosides and deoxynucleosides in the purine cascade. HsPNP has been a target on behalf of the development of new leads for the treatment of a variety of T-cell mediated disorders. Several studies on the HsPNP are focused on the identification of effective, safe, and selective inhibitors. Therefore, this study describes the development of direct, simple, reliable, and inexpensive enzymatic assays to screen HsPNP inhibitors. Initially, HsPNP was covalently immobilized on the surface of magnetic particles (MPs). Due to the versatility of the MPs as solid support for enzyme immobilization, two different methods to monitor the enzyme activity are presented. Firstly, the activity of HsPNP-MPs was assessed offline by HPLC-DAD quantifying the formed hypoxanthine. Then, HsPNP-MPs were trapped in a peek tube, furnishing a microreactor which was inserted on-flow in an HPLC-DAD system to monitor the enzyme activity by the hypoxanthine quantification. Kinetic assays provided KMapp values for the inosine substrate of 488.2 ± 49.1 and 1084 ± 111 µM for the offline and on-flow assays, respectively. For the first time, kinetic studies for Pi as substrate using the HsPNP-MPs exhibits a Michaelis-Menten kinetic, yielding KMapp values for offline and on-flow of 521.2 ± 62.9 µM and 601 ± 66.5 µM, respectively. Inhibition studies conducted with a fourth generation immucillin derivative (DI4G) were employed as proof of concept to validate the use of the HsPNP-MPs assays for screening purposes. Additionally, a small library containing 11 compounds was used to assess the selectivity of the developed assays. The results showed that both presented assays can be applied to selectively recognizing and characterizing HsPNP inhibitors. Particularly, the on-flow method exhibited a high throughput and performance because of its automation and represents an easy and practical approach to reuse the HsPNP-MPs. Besides, this novel enzyme activity assay model can be further applied to other biological targets.

Topotactic desolvation and condensation reactions of 3D Zn3TiF7(H2O)2(taz)3·S (S = 3H2O or C2H5OH).

Crystals of two new 3D hybrid compounds, trans-Zn3TiF7(H2O)2(taz)3·3H2O and cis-Zn3TiF7(H2O)2(taz)3·C2H5OH, have been obtained by solvothermal synthesis ((taz)- = 1,2,4-triazolate C2H2N3 ligand). Their structures, determined from X-ray single crystal diffraction data in Cm and Pnma space groups, respectively, are based on Zn3N9(H2O)2F3 trimers linked by TiF6 octahedra that build trans- or cis-chains ∞[Zn3TiN9(H2O)2F7]. Water or ethanol in the structure cavities is released below 110 °C to give trans- or cis-Zn3TiF7(H2O)2(taz)3 and, on further heating, these intermediate phases dehydrate and lead to anhydrous trans- or cis-Zn3TiF7(taz)3. At 110 °C, the loss of ethanol concerns only ≈1/3 of the weight of cis-Zn3TiF7(H2O)2(taz)3·C2H5OH while the remaining part subsists up to 180 °C. This behaviour is attributed to a core-shell type configuration. Rehydration in humid air occurs at room temperature for the anhydrous cis-phase. All desolvated, dehydrated or rehydrated phase structures have been determined by X-ray powder diffraction and ab initio Rietveld refinements. All transformations from solvated or hydrated to anhydrous phases are realised without any symmetry change and the trans or cis connection of the TiF6 octahedra is maintained together with the overall features of the 3D networks. The final loss of water molecules induces a condensation reaction that implies the connection of the trimers by fluorine atoms; the structures of the anhydrous phases Zn3TiF7(taz)3 are then described by Zn3N9F4 trimers. 1H and 19F MAS NMR studies, coupled with DFT calculations of NMR parameters, confirm the water loss and support the strutural models while evidencing both the positional disorders, more likely of the organic parts, and the F motions within TiF6 octahedra.

Strong magnetic exchange and frustrated ferrimagnetic order in a weberite-type inorganic-organic hybrid fluoride.

We combine powder neutron diffraction, magnetometry and 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry to determine the nuclear and magnetic structures of a strongly interacting weberite-type inorganic-organic hybrid fluoride, Fe2F5(H taz). In this structure, Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations form magnetically frustrated hexagonal tungsten bronze layers of corner-sharing octahedra. Our powder neutron diffraction data reveal that, unlike its purely inorganic fluoride weberite counterparts which adopt a centrosymmetric Imma structure, the room-temperature nuclear structure of Fe2F5(H taz) is best described by a non-centrosymmetric Ima2 model with refined lattice parameters a = 9.1467(2) Å, b = 9.4641(2) Å and c = 7.4829(2) Å. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements reveal that strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions prevail in Fe2F5(H taz) leading to a magnetic ordering transition at TN = 93 K. Analysis of low-temperature powder neutron diffraction data indicates that below TN, the Fe2+ sublattice is ferromagnetic, with a moment of 4.1(1) µB per Fe2+ at 2 K, but that an antiferromagnetic component of 0.6(3) µB cants the main ferromagnetic component of Fe3+, which aligns antiferromagnetically to the Fe2+ sublattice. The zero-field and in-field Mössbauer spectra give clear evidence of an excess of high-spin Fe3+ species within the structure and a non-collinear magnetic structure. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mineralomimesis: natural and synthetic frameworks in science and technology'.

High Density Nanostructured Soft Ferrites Prepared by High Pressure Field Assisted Sintering Technique.

The synthesis of highly compacted, nanostructured soft magnets is highly desirable due to their promising properties for the development of electronic devices working at frequency higher than 2 MHz. In this work we investigated the potentiality of High Pressure Field Assisted Sintering Technique (HP-FAST). To this aim, we first synthesized soft Mn-Zn ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) through an easy-scalable, eco-friendly strategy based on aqueous co-precipitation in basic media, starting from transition metal chlorides. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses evidenced the formation of crystalline nanoparticles with the cubic spinel structure and average crystal size of 7.5 nm. Standard magnetometric measurements showed a saturation magnetization value of ca. 56 emu/g and no magnetic irreversibility at room temperature. The MNPs were then compacted applying an uniaxial pressure over a toroidal shaped die. In order to obtain a material with a density close to the bulk one, the as-prepared green toroids underwent either a classic sintering treatment, obtaining a microstructured system, or to High Pressure Field Assisted Sintering Technique (HP-FAST), which allowed for preserving the nanostructure. The relative permeability and core losses of the toroidal samples were evaluated in the frequency range 1-2 MHz using an in-house built setup. The comparison of the behavior of samples obtained by the two different sintering approaches showed the nanostructured samples had a much smaller relative magnetic permeability (ten times lower than the microstructured sample) and, consequently, higher core losses. However, when samples with similar µr were compared, a significant decrease of core losses at the larger frequencies was observed. This result suggests HP-FAST is a very promising approach to prepare high density nanostructured soft magnetic materials.

A magnetisation and Mössbauer study of triazole (M1-x2+Mx3+)M3+F5(Htaz)1-x(taz)x weberites (M = Fe, Co, Mn, Zn, Ga, V).

A series of triazole fluoride weberites (M1-x2+Mx3+)M3+F5(Htaz)1-x(taz)x is obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. All phases are found to be isostructural to ZnAlF5(Htaz) by powder X-ray diffraction. Weberite structures are prone to induce the magnetic frustration of antiferromagnetic interactions originating from the cationic topology of HTB layers. The (nD) magnetic properties of (0D) Co-Ga, (1D) Zn-Fe, (3D) Fe-Ga, Mn-Fe, Co-Fe and Co-V couples are thus reported. Co2+ or Fe2+ magnetic anisotropy induces a negative magnetisation below TN and compensation temperatures for Mn-Fe and Co-Fe couples. All iron 3D magnetic phases exhibit high Néel temperatures, between 81 K and 102 K, and large |θP/TN| ratios, signalling strong magnetic frustration. Their cation site occupancies and the deduced (de)protonation states of the amine are accurately determined by 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. In addition, this spectroscopy evidences a subtle effect of the atmosphere that surrounds the samples: the magnetic ordering temperatures TN decrease significantly when the samples are cooled under vacuum with respect to samples that are cooled at ambient pressure. This novel phenomenon, which is highlighted for all studied (3D) triazole iron weberites, is reversible, and thus provides promising perspectives for understanding the underlying mechanism.

Hierarchical scaffolds enhance osteogenic differentiation of human Wharton's jelly derived stem cells.

Hierarchical structures, constituted by polymeric nano and microfibers, have been considered promising scaffolds for tissue engineering strategies, mainly because they mimic, in some way, the complexity and nanoscale detail observed in real organs. The chondrogenic potential of these scaffolds has been previously demonstrated, but their osteogenic potential is not yet corroborated. In order to assess if a hierarchical structure, with nanoscale details incorporated, is an improved scaffold for bone tissue regeneration, we evaluate cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of human Wharton's jelly derived stem cells (hWJSCs), seeded into hierarchical fibrous scaffolds. Biological data corroborates that hierarchical fibrous scaffolds show an enhanced cell entrapment when compared to rapid prototyped scaffolds without nanofibers. Furthermore, upregulation of bone specific genes and calcium phosphate deposition confirms the successful osteogenic differentiation of hWJSCs on these scaffolds. These results support our hypothesis that a scaffold with hierarchical structure, in conjugation with hWJSCs, represents a possible feasible strategy for bone tissue engineering applications.

The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae).

Dysyncritus Fowler is revised based on the examination of primary types, and restructured to exclusively accomodate Dysyncritus intectus Fowler, 1895. Allodrilus Evangelista gen. nov. (type species: Cymbomorpha nitidipennis Funkhouser, 1922 = Allodrilus nitidipennis (Funkhouser, 1922) comb. nov.) is erected with seven newly discovered taxa: A. alboferrugineus Evangelista sp. nov. (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana), A. colombiensis Flórez-V sp. nov. (Colombia), A. deitzi Evangelista sp. nov. (Ecuador), A. granulatus Evangelista sp. nov. (Ecuador), A. horizontalis Evangelista sp. nov. (Bolivia), A. intermedius Evangelista sp. nov. (Ecuador), and A. similis Evangelista sp. nov. (Peru). A key to males is provided, in addition to annotated descriptions and illustrations. Nomenclatural changes are proposed to species formerly included in Dysyncritus: Smiliorachis nubilis (Goding, 1930) comb. nov., Smiliorachis discrepans (Goding, 1930) comb. nov., and Dysyncritus lineatus Goding, 1930 (= Smiliorachis octilinea Stål, 1869 syn. nov.). 

The genus Lycoderides Sakakibara, stat. nov., its composition and descriptions of new species (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Stegaspidinae)

The genus Lycoderides Sakakibara, stat. nov. , its composition and descriptions of new species (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Stegaspidinae).The subgenus Lycoderes (Lycoderides) Sakakibara, 1972 is raised to the genus category - Lycoderides stat. nov.. - : and it now includes: Lycoderides amazonicus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides brevilobus (Sakakibara, 1972), comb. nov. , Lycoderides burmeisteri (Fairmaire, 1846), comb. nov. , Lycoderides cultratus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides fernandezi (Strümpel, 1988), comb. nov. , Lycoderides fuscus (Amyot & Serville, 1843), comb. nov. , Lycoderides gradatus (Sakakibara, 1972), comb. nov. , Lycoderides hippocampus (Fabricius, 1803), comb. nov. , Lycoderides luteus (Funkhouser, 1940), comb. nov. , Lycoderides marginalis (Walker, 1851), comb. nov. , Lycoderides nathanieli (Cryan, 1999), comb. nov. , Lycoderides obtusus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides pennyi (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides phasianus (Fowler, 1896), comb. nov. (= Enchenopa minamen Buckton, 1901,SYN. NOV: ), Lycoderides protensus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides serraticornis (Fowler, 1896), comb. nov. , and Lycoderides strumpeli (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. The following new species are described: Lycoderides abditus, sp. nov. , Lycoderides brulei,SP. NOV. (: both from French Guiana), Lycoderides capixaba, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Espírito Santo), Lycoderides cavichiolii, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro), Lycoderides meloi, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Bahia), and Lycoderides oliviae, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Minas Gerais). Other nomenclatural change: Stegaspis bracteata (Fabricius, 1787) = Lycoderes capitata Buckton, 1903, syn. nov. New records of geographical distribution and a key to the species are provided.

New species of the treehopper tribe Amastrini (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Smiliinae)

Three new species of Amastris Stål and one of Erosne Stål are described and illustrated. Amastris rotheai sp. nov. (Paraiba, Brazil), A. gibberula sp. nov. (Mato Grosso, Brazil), A. comarapa sp. nov. (Santa Cruz, Bolivia), and Erosne parvula sp. nov. (Paraiba, Brazil).

Três novas espécies de Amastris Stål e uma de Erosne Stål são descritas e ilustradas. Amastris rotheai sp. nov. (Paraíba, Brasil), A. gibberula sp. nov. (Mato Grosso, Brasil), A. comarapa sp. nov. (Santa Cruz, Bolívia) e Erosne parvula sp. nov. (Paraíba, Brasil).

O Programa Interdisciplinar de Internação Domiciliar de Marília –SP: a visão dos cuidadores / The Marilia City Home Care Interdisciplinary Program: the carers view

Este estudo focaliza o Programa Interdisciplinar de Internação Domiciliar de Marília-SP. O objetivo proposto foi verificar a opinião dos cuidadores quanto a atuação dos profissionais e assistência prestada, bem como coletar sugestões para melhoria do programa. Estudo descritivo e os resultados apontam, quando questionados em relação a atuação dos profissionais como ótimo, sendo de maior satisfação as visitas das auxiliares de enfermagem (84 por cento) e de menor satisfação a da fisioterapia (49 por cento). Em se tratando ao horário de visitas (74 por cento) responderam como ótimo. O número de visitas, em (78 por cento) foi avaliado da mesma maneira, e o número de intercorrências em (19 por cento) foi avaliado como ótimo.

The species of membracids described by C. Berg and M. Spinola classified in Sundarion Kirkaldy (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Membracidae)

Pyranthe acaciae Berg, 1883 e Hemiptycha chilensis Spinola, 1852 são revalidadas em Sundarion Kirkaldy, 1904 (anteriormente colocadas em sinonímia de Callicentrus bonasia (Fabricius, 1775) (Centrotinae, Nessorhinini)). Pyranthe frustratoria Berg, 1883 (também considerada anteriormente como sinônimo de Callicentrus bonasia) torna-se um novo sinônimo de Sundarion flavomarginatum (Fairmaire, 1846).

The species of Aspona Stål and nomenclatural notes ( Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Membracidae )

O gênero Aspona Stål passa a ter apenas duas espécies: A. bullata Stål, 1862 (= Aspona gibosa Fonseca & Diringshofen, 1969 syn. nov. = Taunaya gibbosa Remes-Lenicov, 1973 syn. nov.) e A. quadrinodosa (Fonseca & Diringshofen, 1969) comb. nov. (antes em Cyphotes Burmeister).

A new genus and new species of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Darninae)

Hanstruempelia gen. nov.: H. ceresina sp. nov. (espécie-tipo) (Colômbia, Rio Orteguaza) e H. bitumina sp. nov. (Brasil, Rondônia) são descritos e ilustrados.

Space distribution of harmonic mode vibration amplitudes in nonlinear finite piezoelectric transducer.

Nonlinear elastic vibrations of cylindrical piezoelectric transducers are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. A particular behaviour, that relates the space distribution of the fundamental mode vibration to those of the second and third harmonic components, is observed. A simplified physical interpretation of the phenomenon is given.

Sobre o gênero Lophyraspis Stal e descrição de novas espécies (Hemiptera, Aetalionidae, Biturritiinae) / On the genus Lophyraspis Stål and description of new species (Hemiptera, Aetalionidae, Biturritiinae)

O gênero Lophyraspis e as seguintes espécies, juntamente com algumas mudanças nomenclaturais, são tratados: Lophyraspis Stal, 1869 = Gerridius Fowler, 1896 syn. rest.; Lophyraspis muscaria (Fabricius, 1803) = Gerridius scutellatus Fowler, 1896 syn. nov. = Gerridius abbreviatus Baker, 1907 syn. nov.; Lophyraspis pygmaea (Fabricius, 1803); Lophyraspis scutellata (Fabricius, 1803) = L. cristata Stal, 1869 syn. nov. = L. armata Haviland, 1925 syn. nov.; Lophyraspis spinosa (Funkhouser, 1930) comb. nov. (anteriormente em Mina Walker, 1858); Lophyraspis fenestrata sp. nov. (Brasil, Amazonas); Lophyraspis diminuta sp. nov. (Brasil, Mato Grosso).

Novos táxons em Membracinae (Hemiptera, Membracidae) / New taxa in Membracinae (Hemiptera, Membracidae)

Cinco novas espécies são descritas: em Hoplophorionini Goding, 1926 Metcalfiella venezuelana sp. nov. (Venezuela, Lara); em Hypsoprorini Haupt, 1929 Hypsoprorachis fossulata sp. nov. (Brasil, Minas Gerais), Hypsoprora gracilis sp. nov. (Brasil, Mato Grosso), H. laminata sp. nov. (Brasil, São Paulo) e H. adusta sp. nov. (Brasil, Bahia). Fotografias dos holótipos são apresentadas.

Angioplastia na circulação coronária nativa em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularizaçäo miocárdica / Native coronary angioplasty in patients with prior coronary artery surgery

Objetivo - Avaliar os resultados clínicos da angioplastia na circulaçäo coronária nativa em pacientes previamente submetidos a cirurgia de revascularizaçäo do miocárdio. Métodos - No período de junho de 1987 a julho de 1990, 69 pacientes previamente submetidos a cirurgia de revascularizaçäo miocárdica realizaram angioplastia na sua circulaçäo coronária nativa. A idade variou de 31 a 82 (média = 57,5) anos, sendo 58 pacientes do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes apresentavam angina do peito e foram agrupados de acordo com as seguintes características: grupo I - revascularizaçäo incompleta por ocasiäo da cirurgia (28 pacientes); grupo II - progressäo da doença em vasos näo tratados cirurgicamente (24 pacientes) e, grupo III - progressäo da doença em vasos tratados cirurgicamente (17 pacientes). Resultados - O sucesso da angioplastia foi de 94% (65/69). Para os grupos I, II e III este índice foi 95%, 92% e 94%, respectivamente. Complicaçöes imediatas ocorreram em 4% dos pacientes, näo havendo cirurgia de emergência ou óbito nesta série. Quarenta pacientes foram reestudados (61%) em um período médio de 4 meses. Reestenose angiográfica foi observada em 10 pacientes (25), sendo 8 destes redilatados. A sobrevida foi de 95% (60/63%, sendo que 75% (45/60) apresentavam-se livres de eventos coronarianos ao final do período médio de observaçäo clínica de 13 meses. Conclusäo - A angioplastia neste grupo de pacientes foi um procedimento seguro e eficaz no tratamento da doença obstrutiva da circulaçäo coronária nativa

Purpose - To evaluate the clinical results after angioplasty in the native coronary vessels in patients who had undergone previous coronary artery surgery. Methods - From June 1987 to July 1990, 69 patients with previous coronary artery surgery underwent coronary angioplasty in the native arteries. Age ranged from 31 to 82 (mean = 57.5) years, fifty eight were males. Angina was present in all patients. The patients were classified in three groups according to the following criteria: group I incomplete revascularization following bypass surgery (28 patients); group II - progression of the disease in ungrafled vessels (24 patienis) and group III progression of the disease in grafted vessels (17 patients). Results - Primary success was achieved in 94% (65/69). Ninety -five percent in group I, 92% in group II and 94% in group III. Complications occurred in 4%; emergency surgery or deaths were not observed in this study. Forty patiens (61%) repeated coronary arteriography an average follow-up of 4 months and restenosis was detected in 10 (25%); 8 of them were redilated. Survival rates was 95% and 75% of them were free of coronary events after an average followup of 13 months. Conclusion - Coronary angioplasty in these patients is a safe and effective interventional procedure in the treatment of coronary artery disease in native coronary vessels

Angioplastia coronária em pacientes jovens / Coronary angioplasty in young patients

Objetivo Avaliar os resultados da angioplastia coronária em pacientes com idade igual ou inferior a 40 anos. Métodos De junho de 1987 a julho de 1990, 878 angioplastias foram realizadas sendo que, em 66 (7,5%) os pacientes tinham idade igual ou inferior a 40 anos. Considerou-se a obstrução coronária significativa quando maior ou igual a 70% de diâmetro da artéria e, resultado satisfatório quando o procedimento determinou redução desta obstrução a valores menores que 50%. Resultados Cinqüenta e quatro pacientes eram do sexo masculino, e a idade média de 37 (29 a 40) anos. O diagnóstico era angina estável em 44 (67%), instável em 18 (27%), infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) em 3 (4,5%), IAM após tratamento com estreptoquinase em 1 (1,5%). Destes pacientes, IAM prévio ocorreu em 8 (12%) e cirurgia prévia de revascularização miocárdica em 3 (4,5%). Cinqüenta e cinco (83%) eram uniarteriais e 11 (17%) multiarteriais. Oitenta vasos foram dilatados. Nos uniarteriais o procedimento foi na descendente anterior (DA) em 32 (58%), na coronária direita (CD) em 12 (22%), circunflexa (CX) em 10 (18%) e em ponte de safena em 1 (2%). Nos multiarteriais foi na DA em 12 (48%), na CD em 8 (32%) e na CX em 5 (20%). O resultado imediato foi obtido com sucesso em 53 (96%) dos uniarteriais e em 10 (91%) dos multiarteriais. Houve 1 óbito por complicação imediata. O seguimento médio de 11,6 (1 a 27) meses com 63 pacientes mostrou: reestenose em 10 (19%) uniarteriais sendo 9 (90%) redilatados com sucesso, e em 3 (30%) multiarteriais com redilatação em 2 (67%), também com sucesso em todos. Dois pacientes com reestenose foram...

Purpose To evaluate the results of coronary angioplasty in patients at the age of 40 years old or under. Methods From July 1987 to July 1990, 878 coronary angioplasty procedures were performed. Sixty six patients (7,5%) were 40 years old or under. The coronary obstruction was considered significant when 70% or more of the arterial diameter was involved and the post angioplasty results were considered satisfactory when residual obstruction was less than the 50%. Results Fifty four patients (81,8%) were male with an average age of 37 years (ranging from 29 to 40). Forty four patients (67%) had stable angina, 18 (27%) unstable angina, 3 (4%) acute myocardial infarction (artery, 12 (22%) in the RCA, 10 (18%) in the left circunfex and one (2%) into a saphenous vein bypass grafting. In 12 patients (48%) with multivessel disease it was performed in the LAD coronary artery, 8 (32%) in the RCA and 5 (20%) in the left circunflex. Angioplasty was successfully performed in 53 (96%) patients with single vessel disease and in 10 (01%) with multivessel disease. One of the patients died immediately after the procedure. A follow up of 11,6 months (ranged from 1 to 27 months) was possible in 63 patients. Re-stenosis was depicted in 10 (19%) ofthe 55 patients with single vessel disease and in 3 of the 11 patients (30%) with multivessel disease. Nine patients had a successful redilatation in the first group and 2 in the second one

Information about morality and behaviour of victims.

According to the Italian Law of Procedure (1988) documents which inform about the morality of the guilty, the witness and the victim are not admitted; those about the victim are admitted only when the criminal event needs to be evaluated in relation to his/her behaviour and moral qualities. In our opinion, in this case, generic moral qualities do not have any real significance; only information about the victim's objective behaviour should be admitted: for instance, in the case of the crime of "corruption of a minor", a type of objective behaviour can be habitual prostitution. Moreover, the norm at issue contrasts with the general principle in the Italian law that the rights concerning the personality of an individual, particularly of a minor, are to be protected, and with the fundamental norm in the law of Procedure according to which criminological examinations are not allowed during the trial. It is useful, however, to acquire elements in order to evaluate the credibility of the witness.

Excesiva indicación cinecoronarioventriculografía seletiva / Excesive indication of selective cinecoronaryoventriculography

No es licito ni valedero afirmar que sin la realización de una CCVGS no se puede asistir o tratar correctamente un paciente coronario. Tampoco es veraz afirmar que sólo mediante la obtención de la CCVGS se puede identificar a los paciente que están expuestos a un alto riesgo de infarto de miocardio o de muerte súbita. Asimismo tampoco es justificable la exageración de la indicación mediante el razonamiento de que esto permite un tratamiento agresivo como la angioplastia transluminal de Gruntzig, ya que este procedimiento tiene las mismas indicaciones que la cirugía de revascularización y por lo tanto no se debe generalizar, recurriendo a el sólo frente a la falla del tratamiento médico correcto y cumplido fielmente por el paciente. Los próximos lustros aclararán si el progreso tecnológico hará aconsejable variar estas indicaciones o ampliarlas (energia láser y angioscopia)