Turnos y estrés psicosocial en los policías locales de Madrid / Shifwork and psychosocial stress in the local pólice officers of Madrid

Determinadas profesiones, como la Policía Local, deben prestar un servicio a los ciudadanos las veinticuatro horas del día; por lo tanto, los turnos de trabajo son necesarios para garantizar este servicio permanente. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido valorar el riesgo de estrés psicosocial (Cuestionario de evaluación de riesgos psicosociales Decore) y el estrés laboral percibido (Escala de Apreciación del Estrés Socio-Laboral) del trabajo a turnos en un grupo de 462 policías locales de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (España). Los resultados obtenidos indican que todos los trabajadores se encuentran al menos en nivel de alerta en todos los riesgos psicosociales (excepto en demandas y recompensas), siendo el turno rotativo mañana-noche el más adverso desde el punto de vista psicosocial. Con respecto al estrés laboral percibido, los trabajadores del turno fijo de noche tienen menos estrés que el turno rotativo mañana-noche. Finalmente se sugieren algunas recomendaciones para investigaciones futuras; así como las limitaciones de este estudio

Certain jobs, such as the Local Police, have to be available to the citizen at all times; as a result, shiftwork is necessary to ensure this permanent service. The aim of this paper is to know the psychosocial stress risk level (Decore Questionnaire of evaluation of psychosocial risks) and the per-ceived work stress (Social Work Stress Appreciation Scale) in shift work, in a group of 462 local police officers of the Madrid Community (Spain). The re-sults show that all the workers are at the alert level or over in all psychosocial risks (except in demands and rewards) being the rotational morning-night shift the most adverse from the psychosocial point of view. Regarding perceived work stress, fixed night shift workers show less stress than the rotational morning-night shift workers. Finally, the study limi-tations are indicated and some recommendations are suggested for future research

Diferencias en riesgos psicosociales y estrés laboral percibido en los cuerpos de policía local atendiendo al género y la antigüedad / No disponible

Diversas investigaciones han mostrado que la función policial está sometida a un alto nivel de estrés. El principal objetivo de este estudio es valorar, dentro del colectivo de las policías locales, diferencias en riesgo y percepción de estrés laboral, dependiendo del género y años de antigüedad. Hemos tomado una muestra de 394 policías varones y 45 mujeres. Los resultados informan que no se dan diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres policías ni en riesgo ni en estrés laboral; por otro lado, y dentro de la variable años de antigüedad, no aparecen diferencias significativas en riesgo de estrés psicosocial, pero sí en percepción de estrés laboral, entre los grupos de 6 a 15 años de antigüedad, cuando son comparados con los policías que llevan más de 15 años en el Cuerpo Policial, siendo el primer grupo el que más percepción de estrés presenta (AU)

Research has shown the relationship between stress and the police. The main aim of this study is checking, within the community of the local police differences in risk and perception of job stress, depending on gender and years of work. We took a sample of 394 policemen and 45 policewomen. Results indicate that there are no significant differences between men and women in police, neither in risk nor work stress; on the other hand, and within the variable of years of age, no significant differences appear in risk of psychosocial stress, but in perception of work stress in groups from 6 to 15 years of work, when compared to the cops who have worked more than15 years in the police force, the first group having more perceived stress (AU)

Development of Meissner-like and Pacinian sensory corpuscles in the mouse demonstrated with specific markers for corpuscular constituents.

The development of Meissner-like and Pacinian corpuscles was studied in mice [from postnatal day (Pd) 0 to 42] by using immunohistochemistry for specific corpuscular constituents. The battery of antigens investigated included PGP 9.5 protein and neurofilaments, as markers for the central axon; S100 protein, vimentin, and p75(LNGFR) protein, to show Schwann-related cells; and epithelial membrane antigen to identify perineurial-related cells. In Meissner-like corpuscles immunoreactivity (IR) for neuronal markers was found by Pd7 and later. The lamellar cells of these corpuscles expressed first S100 protein IR (Pd7 to Pd42), then vimentin IR (Pd12 to Pd42), and transitory p75(LNGFR) IR (Pd7 to Pd19-20). Vimentin IR, but not epithelial membrane antigen, was detected in the capsule-like cells of the Meissner-like corpuscles. On the other hand, the density of Meissner-like corpuscles progressively increased from Pd0 to Pd19-20. Pacinian corpuscles were identified by Pd7. From this time to Pd42 the central axon showed IR for neuronal markers, and the inner core cells were immunoreactive for S100 protein. Moreover, vimentin IR was detected in the inner core cells by Pd19 and later. Unexpectedly, the central axons displayed S100 protein IR (from Pd7 to P28), while p75(LNGFR) protein IR or epithelial membrane antigen IR were never detected. Taken together, and based on the expression of the assessed antigens alone, the present results suggest that the Meissner-like and the Pacinian corpuscles in mice become mature around Pd19-Pd28 and Pd20, respectively. Furthermore, these results provide a baseline timetable for future studies in the normal or altered development of sensory corpuscles in mice since specific sensory corpuscles are functionally associated with different subtypes of sensory neurons the development of which is selectively disturbed in genetically manipulated mice.

S100alpha and S100beta proteins in human cutaneous sensory corpuscles: effects of nerve and spinal cord injury.

S100 protein in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system consists of homo- or heterodimers of S100alpha and S100beta proteins, the first predominating in neurons and the second in glial cells. Recently, however, occurrence of S100beta protein in neurons has been reported. The expression of S100 protein by Schwann cells, as well as their derivatives in sensory corpuscles, depends on the sensory axon (i.e., the Schwann cell-axon contact). The present study analyzed the distribution of S100alpha and S100beta proteins in human cutaneous sensory corpuscles and the effects of peripheral or central sensory axon severance in the expression of these proteins. Simple or double immunohistochemistry was carried out using a panel of antibodies against S100alpha, S100beta or S100alpha+beta proteins, and the sections were examined by light or laser confocal scanning microscopy. Skin samples were obtained from normal subjects and patients with spinal cord injury, nerve entrapment, and nerve sections plus graft. The lamellar cells of Meissner corpuscles as well as the inner-core lamellae of the Pacinian corpuscles displayed strong immunoreactivity (IR) for all antigens examined, the most intense labeling being obtained for S100beta protein. The pattern of immunostaining was unchanged after spinal cord injury, whereas the number of stained corpuscles as well as the intensity of IR for each antigen decreased in cutaneous sensory corpuscles after nerve injury, both entrapment and section plus graft. No evidence was found of axonal labeling. The present results provide evidence that Schwann-related cells in human cutaneous sensory corpuscles contain both S100alpha and S100beta and that the expression of these proteins is dependent on the functional and structural integrity of sensory fibers.

Immunohistochemical localization of S100 proteins in dorsal root, sympathetic and enteric ganglia of several mammalian species, including man.

The occurrence of S100 proteins in neurons of the mammalian peripheral nervous system is still controversial. This study was designed to investigate this topic in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the enteric nervous system (ENS) of several mammalian species (horse, buffalo, cow, sheep, pig, dog, rabbit and rat), as well as in DRG, paravertebral sympathetic ganglia (SG) and ENS of the adult man. Rat embryos of E17 and E19 were also examined. The material was fixed in Bouin's fixative, paraffin-embedded and processed for immunohistochemistry, combined with image analysis, using a panel of mono and polyclonal antibodies against S100alpha, S100beta or S100alpha + beta (referred to here as S100) proteins. In all species examined, strong S100 protein immunoreactivity (IR) was found in satellite glial cells and Schwann cells, which also showed S100alpha and S100beta IR in humans. Furthermore, faint S100 protein IR was observed in a subpopulation of DRG intermediate- and large-sized sensory neurons in humans, buffalo, sheep, and pig. The rat was the only species showing clear S100 and S100beta in neurons, labelling in about 30-35% in adults (small, intermediate and large in size), and about 88% at E17 and 42% at E19, respectively. Weak S100alpha protein IR was observed in most of human SG neurons. In ENS, S100 protein IR was restricted to enteric glial and Schwann cells, with the exception of cow and goat in which a subset of neurons in both the myenteric and submucous plexuses displayed strong S100 protein IR. Neuronal S100alpha IR and glial S100beta IR was found in the human ENS. The present results demonstrate intra- and inter-specific differences in the expression of S100 proteins by neurons of the peripheral nervous system among mammalian species. Furthermore, they also suggest that neuronal S100 protein, at least in humans, consists of both S100alpha and S100beta.