Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp / Evidências das aves de vida livre como transmissoras de Salmonella spp

This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca da Salmonella spp. em aves de vida livre e o potencial delas como disseminadores para animais domésticos, homem e meio ambiente. Casos na literatura relatando Salmonella spp. têm sido descritos em diversas espécies de aves silvestres da família Passeridae e Fringilidae em países da América do Norte e Europa, sendo Salmonella ser. Typhimurium o sorotipo relatado mais frequentemente. A presença de patógenos como Salmonella spp. pode ser influenciada por fatores como dieta, ambiente onde vive, contaminação por antibióticos, infecção por organismos patogênicos e padrões de migração. Pesquisas envolvendo as aves silvestres que vivem em ambiente urbanizado são importantes, pois as aves podem possibilitar a transmissão de patógenos zoonóticos que têm maior prevalência em áreas urbanas devido a mecanismos de ação humana. Com base nas informações coletadas, conclui-se que as aves silvestres continuam sendo importantes na disseminação de patógenos em diversas regiões geográficas, podendo afetar o homem, animais domésticos e outras aves silvestres.(AU)

Resistência a antimicrobianos em calopsita jovem acometida por infecções bacteriana e fúngica / Antimicrobials resistance in young cockatiel affected by bacterial and fungal infections

A criação de aves exóticas como animais de estimação vem crescendo em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Dentre as aves exóticas, pertencentes à ordem Psittaciforme incluem-se as calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus). Contudo, estímulos ambientais incorretos, confinamento, nutrição inadequada e uso incorreto de antibióticos podem ocasionar nessas aves quadros de estresse, gerando imunossupressão, predispondo-as a enfermidades oportunistas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a influência do uso descontrolado de antibióticos no desencadeamento de infecções bacteriana e fúngica em calopsita. Foi atendida uma calopsita, de 3 meses de idade, que apresentava apatia, penas eriçadas, diarreia, espirros e compactação ingluvial, a qual foi submetida a antibioticoterapia realizada pela proprietária por conta própria. Foram coletadas amostras para análises citológicas e microbiológicas. Na citologia foram observados bastonetes Gram-negativo e diplococos Gram-positivo, além de células leveduriformes, confirmadas como Candida albicans. Também foi isolada a enterobactéria Hafnia alvei na cultura bacteriana do papo da ave e nos órgãos da necropsia foram isolados Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Enterococcus faecalis. O manejo inadequado em associação com o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos constitui em importantes fatores que promovem o desequilíbrio de microbiota com consequente desencadeamento de infecções bacterianas e fúngicas, por agentes com alta resistência a antibióticos, as quais podem causar o óbito em calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus).

The breeding of exotic birds as pets has been growing worldwide, including in Brazil. Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) is an exotic bird belonging to the Psittaciform order. However, incorrect environmental stimuli, confinement, inadequate nutrition and incorrect use of antibiotics can cause stress in these birds, generating immunosuppression, predisposing them to opportunistic diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to report the influence of uncontrolled use of antibiotics in triggering bacterial and fungal infections in cockatiel. A 3-month-old cockatiel was treated with apathy, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, sneezing and ingluvial compaction. The bird was submitted to antibiotic therapy performed by the owner. Samples were collected for cytological and microbiological analysis. The cytology showed Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive diplococci, as well as yeast cells confirmed as Candida albicans. Hafnia alvei enterobacteria were also isolated in the bacterial culture of the bird's throat and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated in the organs from the autopsy. Inadequate management in association with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics are important factors that promote microbiota imbalance with consequent triggering of bacterial and fungal infections by agents with high antibiotic resistance, which can cause death in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus).

Resistência a antimicrobianos em calopsita jovem acometida por infecções bacteriana e fúngica / Antimicrobials resistance in young cockatiel affected by bacterial and fungal infections

A criação de aves exóticas como animais de estimação vem crescendo em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Dentre as aves exóticas, pertencentes à ordem Psittaciforme incluem-se as calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus). Contudo, estímulos ambientais incorretos, confinamento, nutrição inadequada e uso incorreto de antibióticos podem ocasionar nessas aves quadros de estresse, gerando imunossupressão, predispondo-as a enfermidades oportunistas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a influência do uso descontrolado de antibióticos no desencadeamento de infecções bacteriana e fúngica em calopsita. Foi atendida uma calopsita, de 3 meses de idade, que apresentava apatia, penas eriçadas, diarreia, espirros e compactação ingluvial, a qual foi submetida a antibioticoterapia realizada pela proprietária por conta própria. Foram coletadas amostras para análises citológicas e microbiológicas. Na citologia foram observados bastonetes Gram-negativo e diplococos Gram-positivo, além de células leveduriformes, confirmadas como Candida albicans. Também foi isolada a enterobactéria Hafnia alvei na cultura bacteriana do papo da ave e nos órgãos da necropsia foram isolados Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Enterococcus faecalis. O manejo inadequado em associação com o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos constitui em importantes fatores que promovem o desequilíbrio de microbiota com consequente desencadeamento de infecções bacterianas e fúngicas, por agentes com alta resistência a antibióticos, as quais podem causar o óbito em calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus).(AU)

The breeding of exotic birds as pets has been growing worldwide, including in Brazil. Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) is an exotic bird belonging to the Psittaciform order. However, incorrect environmental stimuli, confinement, inadequate nutrition and incorrect use of antibiotics can cause stress in these birds, generating immunosuppression, predisposing them to opportunistic diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to report the influence of uncontrolled use of antibiotics in triggering bacterial and fungal infections in cockatiel. A 3-month-old cockatiel was treated with apathy, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, sneezing and ingluvial compaction. The bird was submitted to antibiotic therapy performed by the owner. Samples were collected for cytological and microbiological analysis. The cytology showed Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive diplococci, as well as yeast cells confirmed as Candida albicans. Hafnia alvei enterobacteria were also isolated in the bacterial culture of the bird's throat and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated in the organs from the autopsy. Inadequate management in association with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics are important factors that promote microbiota imbalance with consequent triggering of bacterial and fungal infections by agents with high antibiotic resistance, which can cause death in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus).(AU)

Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp / Evidências das aves de vida livre como transmissoras de Salmonella spp

This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca da Salmonella spp. em aves de vida livre e o potencial delas como disseminadores para animais domésticos, homem e meio ambiente. Casos na literatura relatando Salmonella spp. têm sido descritos em diversas espécies de aves silvestres da família Passeridae e Fringilidae em países da América do Norte e Europa, sendo Salmonella ser. Typhimurium o sorotipo relatado mais frequentemente. A presença de patógenos como Salmonella spp. pode ser influenciada por fatores como dieta, ambiente onde vive, contaminação por antibióticos, infecção por organismos patogênicos e padrões de migração. Pesquisas envolvendo as aves silvestres que vivem em ambiente urbanizado são importantes, pois as aves podem possibilitar a transmissão de patógenos zoonóticos que têm maior prevalência em áreas urbanas devido a mecanismos de ação humana. Com base nas informações coletadas, conclui-se que as aves silvestres continuam sendo importantes na disseminação de patógenos em diversas regiões geográficas, podendo afetar o homem, animais domésticos e outras aves silvestres.(AU)

Avaliação da disseminação de Salmonella pullorum em codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix) infectadas experimentalmente / Evaluation of Salmonella pullorum shedding in japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix)

Salmonella Pullorum is a pathogen that infects several species of birds, mainly offspring, and among them, quails. Therefore, this study was performed in order to evaluate the S. Pullorum shedding in experimentally infected Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix) and egg contamination ability. S. Pullorum ATCC lyophilized was inoculated in all birds (60 quails at 160 days). Before  the inoculation, rapid slide agglutination test was performed in all birds and individual cloacal  swabs were collected randomly. Birds from group A and group B received 0.5mL of inoculum containing 1.5x102 CFU and 7.5 x 108 CFU of S. Pullorum, respectively, directly in the crop. The cloacal swab samples were collected on 3, 6, 9, 16 and 23 days post-inoculation (dpi) and all eggs were collected. Positive cloacal swab samples were initiated at the 3rd dpi. A total of 30 pool of   eggs was analyzed, of which 73% positive for S. Pullorum until the 16th dpi. In conclusion, adult Japanese quails are possibly more resistant to the infection by S. Pullorum, but they can shed this pathogen in the environment as  well.

Salmonella Pulllorum é um patógeno que acomete várias espécies de aves, principalmente jovens, dentre essas, codornas. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eliminação da S.Pullorum em codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix) infectadas experimentalmente, bem como avaliar a capacidade de contaminação dos ovos. Foi utilizada uma cepa de S. Pullorum ATCC liofilizada para inoculação de todas as aves (60 codornas com 160 dias de idade). Antecedendo a inoculação, foi realizado exame de Soroaglutinação Rápida em Placas em todas as aves e coletados suabes cloacais individuais de aves escolhidas aleatoriamente. As aves do grupo A e do grupo B foram inoculadas, com 0,5 mL do inóculo contendo 1.5 x 102 UFC e 7.5 x 108 UFC, respectivamente, diretamente no papo. As coletas de suabes cloacais ocorreram nos dias 3, 6, 9, 16 e 23 pós-inoculação e todos os ovos foram coletados. Amostras positivas de suabes cloacais se iniciaram aos 03 dpi. Foi analisado um total de 30 pool de ovos, sendo 73% positivos para S.Pullorum até 16 dpi. Conclui-se dessa forma que possivelmente codornas japonesas adultas são mais resistentes a infecção por S.Pullorum, mas pode disseminar o agente ao meio  ambiente.

Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública / Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli , responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli , which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)

Obstrução intestinal associada à ingestão de corpos estranhos em tartaruga-de-espora-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) / Intestinal obstruction associated with ingestion of foreign bodies in African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata)

The ingestion of foreign bodies by captive reptiles is related to the maintenance of these animals in unsuitable places. This report refers to the description of ingestion cases of weird foreign bodies by one African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), from keepers in Ceará, Brazil. The animal is housed freely with other animals, when it came to so sudden death without previous clinical care. Macroscopic changes were: Hydropericardium ascites with reddish exudate hemorrhagic, gastroenteritis metallic object and ulcers in the stomach, food compression and undigested plastic bag in the small intestine. The presence of the metallic object produces the lining of the stomach laceration and bleeding. Exacerbating the situation by compaction of food and plastic bag. We conclude that the ingestion of foreign bodies especially metal objects can trigger fatal consequences to the turtles and the care with environment management and nutrition are important points in prevention.

Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance / Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.

Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance / Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)

Obstrução intestinal associada à ingestão de corpos estranhos em tartaruga-de-espora-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) / Intestinal obstruction associated with ingestion of foreign bodies in African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata)

The ingestion of foreign bodies by captive reptiles is related to the maintenance of these animals in unsuitable places. This report refers to the description of ingestion cases of weird foreign bodies by one African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), from keepers in Ceará, Brazil. The animal is housed freely with other animals, when it came to so sudden death without previous clinical care. Macroscopic changes were: Hydropericardium ascites with reddish exudate hemorrhagic, gastroenteritis metallic object and ulcers in the stomach, food compression and undigested plastic bag in the small intestine. The presence of the metallic object produces the lining of the stomach laceration and bleeding. Exacerbating the situation by compaction of food and plastic bag. We conclude that the ingestion of foreign bodies especially metal objects can trigger fatal consequences to the turtles and the care with environment management and nutrition are important points in prevention.(AU)

Avaliação da disseminação de Salmonella pullorum em codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix) infectadas experimentalmente / Evaluation of Salmonella pullorum shedding in japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix)

Salmonella Pullorum is a pathogen that infects several species of birds, mainly offspring, and among them, quails. Therefore, this study was performed in order to evaluate the S. Pullorum shedding in experimentally infected Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix) and egg contamination ability. S. Pullorum ATCC lyophilized was inoculated in all birds (60 quails at 160 days). Before  the inoculation, rapid slide agglutination test was performed in all birds and individual cloacal  swabs were collected randomly. Birds from group A and group B received 0.5mL of inoculum containing 1.5x102 CFU and 7.5 x 108 CFU of S. Pullorum, respectively, directly in the crop. The cloacal swab samples were collected on 3, 6, 9, 16 and 23 days post-inoculation (dpi) and all eggs were collected. Positive cloacal swab samples were initiated at the 3rd dpi. A total of 30 pool of   eggs was analyzed, of which 73% positive for S. Pullorum until the 16th dpi. In conclusion, adult Japanese quails are possibly more resistant to the infection by S. Pullorum, but they can shed this pathogen in the environment as  well.(AU)

Salmonella Pulllorum é um patógeno que acomete várias espécies de aves, principalmente jovens, dentre essas, codornas. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eliminação da S.Pullorum em codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix) infectadas experimentalmente, bem como avaliar a capacidade de contaminação dos ovos. Foi utilizada uma cepa de S. Pullorum ATCC liofilizada para inoculação de todas as aves (60 codornas com 160 dias de idade). Antecedendo a inoculação, foi realizado exame de Soroaglutinação Rápida em Placas em todas as aves e coletados suabes cloacais individuais de aves escolhidas aleatoriamente. As aves do grupo A e do grupo B foram inoculadas, com 0,5 mL do inóculo contendo 1.5 x 102 UFC e 7.5 x 108 UFC, respectivamente, diretamente no papo. As coletas de suabes cloacais ocorreram nos dias 3, 6, 9, 16 e 23 pós-inoculação e todos os ovos foram coletados. Amostras positivas de suabes cloacais se iniciaram aos 03 dpi. Foi analisado um total de 30 pool de ovos, sendo 73% positivos para S.Pullorum até 16 dpi. Conclui-se dessa forma que possivelmente codornas japonesas adultas são mais resistentes a infecção por S.Pullorum, mas pode disseminar o agente ao meio  ambiente.(AU)

EVALUATION OF Salmonella pullorum SHEDDING IN JAPANESE QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix)

Abstract Salmonella Pullorum is a pathogen that infects several species of birds, mainly offspring, and among them, quails. Therefore, this study was performed in order to evaluate the S. Pullorum shedding in experimentally infected Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix) and egg contamination ability. S. Pullorum ATCC lyophilized was inoculated in all birds (60 quails at 160 days). Before the inoculation, rapid slide agglutination test was performed in all birds and individual cloacal swabs were collected randomly. Birds from group A and group B received 0.5mL of inoculum containing 1.5x102 CFU and 7.5 x 108 CFU of S. Pullorum, respectively, directly in the crop. The cloacal swab samples were collected on 3, 6, 9, 16 and 23 days post-inoculation (dpi) and all eggs were collected. Positive cloacal swab samples were initiated at the 3rd dpi. A total of 30 pool of eggs was analyzed, of which 73% positive for S. Pullorum until the 16th dpi. In conclusion, adult Japanese quails are possibly more resistant to the infection by S. Pullorum, but they can shed this pathogen in the environment as well.

Resumo Salmonella Pulllorum é um patógeno que acomete várias espécies de aves, principalmente jovens, dentre essas, codornas. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eliminação da S.Pullorum em codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix) infectadas experimentalmente, bem como avaliar a capacidade de contaminação dos ovos. Foi utilizada uma cepa de S. Pullorum ATCC liofilizada para inoculação de todas as aves (60 codornas com 160 dias de idade). Antecedendo a inoculação, foi realizado exame de Soroaglutinação Rápida em Placas em todas as aves e coletados suabes cloacais individuais de aves escolhidas aleatoriamente. As aves do grupo A e do grupo B foram inoculadas, com 0,5 mL do inóculo contendo 1.5 x 102 UFC e 7.5 x 108 UFC, respectivamente, diretamente no papo. As coletas de suabes cloacais ocorreram nos dias 3, 6, 9, 16 e 23 pós-inoculação e todos os ovos foram coletados. Amostras positivas de suabes cloacais se iniciaram aos 03 dpi. Foi analisado um total de 30 pool de ovos, sendo 73% positivos para S.Pullorum até 16 dpi. Conclui-se dessa forma que possivelmente codornas japonesas adultas são mais resistentes a infecção por S.Pullorum, mas pode disseminar o agente ao meio ambiente.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent “O” serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...]

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent “O” serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...](AU)

Presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil

Background: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with arisk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. In the poultry industry, day-old chicksmay acquire the infection at the hatchery through contact with fomites and eggshells with the presence of contaminated feces,favoring the animal infection and may become a source of infection to other birds in the lot, as well as to several other animals,including man. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in themetropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A transversal study with a convenience sampling was performed in 510 day-old chicks acquiredfrom five hatcheries located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil. From each hatchery, 102 day-old chicks were analyzed at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies (LABEO) of the State University of Ceará. Individual cloacal swab sampleswere collected immediately after arrival, following euthanasia by cervical dislocation for organ sampling, comprised of a poolof livers and yolk sacs of three birds per sample. Organ and cloacal samples were incubated in pre-enrichment using bufferedpeptone water 0.1%, following selective enrichment with the broths: Tetrathionate, Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine.After incubation, samples were streaked in Brilliant Green agar added Novobiocin (40 µg/mL) and MacConkey agar. For all themicrobiological procedures, samples were incubated at 35 to 37°C for 18 to 24 h. Suspect colonies were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed with polyvalent O anti-Salmonella serum. Salmonella isolates were submitted to disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Bauer) following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. With the...

Presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil

Background: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with arisk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. In the poultry industry, day-old chicksmay acquire the infection at the hatchery through contact with fomites and eggshells with the presence of contaminated feces,favoring the animal infection and may become a source of infection to other birds in the lot, as well as to several other animals,including man. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in themetropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A transversal study with a convenience sampling was performed in 510 day-old chicks acquiredfrom five hatcheries located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil. From each hatchery, 102 day-old chicks were analyzed at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies (LABEO) of the State University of Ceará. Individual cloacal swab sampleswere collected immediately after arrival, following euthanasia by cervical dislocation for organ sampling, comprised of a poolof livers and yolk sacs of three birds per sample. Organ and cloacal samples were incubated in pre-enrichment using bufferedpeptone water 0.1%, following selective enrichment with the broths: Tetrathionate, Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine.After incubation, samples were streaked in Brilliant Green agar added Novobiocin (40 µg/mL) and MacConkey agar. For all themicrobiological procedures, samples were incubated at 35 to 37°C for 18 to 24 h. Suspect colonies were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed with polyvalent O anti-Salmonella serum. Salmonella isolates were submitted to disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Bauer) following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. With the...(AU)

Investigation of Salmonella spp. in backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and eggs sold in free markets in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará / Pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em galinhas criadas em fundo de quintal (Gallus gallus domesticus) e ovos comercializados nas feiras livres na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará

Poultry meat and byproducts are the main protein source for man. However, such foods are related tooutbreaks of food-borne infections around the world, caused mainly by Salmonella spp. Therefore, thepresent study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in material collected in properties ofbackyard chickens (eggs, ration, cloacal swab and drag swab) and to perform a survey of members ofthe Enterobacteriaceae family in eggs commercialized in the main free markets of Fortaleza. Individualcloacal swabs were collected from 405 backyard chickens from 18 houses and 10 eggs were alsocollected for analysis of eggshell and internal content from each sampled household, totaling 180 eggs.From the free markets, 90 eggs were collected. Once sampled, the ration, cloacal swab, drag swab, shelland internal contents of eggs were incubated in Peptone Water and aliquots were placed in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin. Following, aliquots of each broth werestreaked in plates Brilliant Green agar and MacConkey agar. Suspect colonies for Salmonella spp.were submitted to biochemical identification, with the temperature and incubation time standardizedin 37ºC/24h, respectively. Eggs collected from houses were broken in sterile beaker and maintained inbacteriological incubator at 37ºc/24h. After such period, aliquots collected were incubated in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin, following the same bacteriologicalprocedure mentioned previously for swabs. Eggs from free markets were analyzed with the samemethodology as the house eggs, minus the antibiotic Novobiocin in the Selenite-Cystin broth, andwith further biochemical tests used to identify the different members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.No Salmonella spp. were isolated from swab or egg samples.(AU)

A carne de aves e seus subprodutos são as principais fontes de proteína para o homem. No entanto estão implicadas em surtos de toxi-infecção em todo o mundo, causada principalmente por Salmonella spp. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Salmonella spp. em material coletado em propriedades criadoras de galinhas de fundo de quintal (ovos, ração, swab cloacal e de arrasto) e realizar um levantamento das enterobactérias encontradas nos ovos comercializados nas principais feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza. Foi realizado coleta de swab cloacal individual em 405 galinhas caipiras de 18 criatórios, e coletado dez ovos por propriedade para análise do conteúdo interno e da casca, totalizando 180 ovos. Amostras de swabs de arrastos e de ração também foram coletadas nas propriedades. Nas feiras livres, foram adquiridos 90 ovos. Após coletados, a ração, os swabs cloacais e de arrasto, casca e conteúdos interno dos ovos foram colocados em Água Peptonada (AP) e em seguida transferido uma alíquota para caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) e Seletino-Cistina contendo novobiocina (SCN). Seguidamente foi realizado plaqueamento em Ágar Verde Brilhante (AVB) e MacConkey (MC). As colônias suspeitas para Salmonella spp. foram submetidas à identificação bioquímica, sendo a temperatura e período de incubação padronizado em todas as etapas em 37C/24h, respectivamente.(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil / Survey of Enterobacteriaceae in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities of the state of Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. and Serratia sp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonella was isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil / Survey of Enterobacteriaceae in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities of the state of Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. and Serratia sp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonella was isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobactersp., Proteussp., and Enterobactersp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiellasp., Hafniasp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiellasp., Providenciasp. and Serratiasp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonellawas isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafniasp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.