ABSTRACT
As COVID-19 emerged as a phenomenon of the total environment, and despite the intertwined and complex relationships that make humanity an organic part of the Bio- and Geospheres, the majority of our responses to it have been corrective in character, with few or no consideration for unintended consequences which bring about further vulnerability to unanticipated global events. Tackling COVID-19 entails a systemic and precautionary approach to human-nature relations, which we frame as regaining diversity in the Geo-, Bio-, and Anthropospheres. Its implementation requires nothing short of an overhaul in the way we interact with and build knowledge from natural and social environments. Hence, we discuss the urgency of shifting from current to precautionary approaches to COVID-19 and look, through the lens of diversity, at the anticipated benefits in four systems crucially affecting and affected by the pandemic: health, land, knowledge and innovation. Our reflections offer a glimpse of the sort of changes needed, from pursuing planetary health and creating more harmonious forms of land use to providing a multi-level platform for other ways of knowing/understanding and turning innovation into a source of global public goods. These exemplary initiatives introduce and solidify systemic thinking in policymaking and move priorities from reaction-based strategies to precautionary frameworks.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevention & control , Humans , Knowledge , Pandemics/prevention & controlABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This paper combines the literature on public health, on economics of health and on economics of technological innovation to discuss the peculiarities of labour in the health care sector. METHOD AND FRAMEWORK: The starting point is the investigation of the economic peculiarities of medical care. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: This investigation leads to the identification of the prevalence of non-market forms of medical care in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Furthermore, the health care system has a distinctive characteristic from other economic sectors: it is the intersection between social welfare and innovation systems. The relationship between technological innovation and cost in the health care sector is surveyed. Finally, the Brazilian case is discussed as an example of a developing country. CONCLUSION: The peculiarities of labour in the health care sector suggest the need to recognize the worth of sectoral labour and to cease to treat it separately. This process should take into account the rapid development of the health innovation system and one important consequence: the obsolescence of the acquired knowledge. One way to dignify labour is to implement continued education and training of health professions personnel.
ABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta resultados preliminares de tabulações especiais preparadas pelo IBGE (a partir da Pintec), focalizando a relação entre universidades e empresas. A hipótese básica é a de que o envolvimento de uma empresa com atividades de P&D (interna e/ou externa) amplia a importância das universidades como fonte de informação para suas atividades inovativas. Esta hipótese é investigada e se sustenta tanto nos dados gerais como em uma análise intersetorial.
Subject(s)
Technological Development , Industry , Universities , BrazilABSTRACT
O artigo avalia as características principais dos sistemas de inovação do setor saúde de países avançados como uma introdução para a discussão dos desafios e potencialidades do caso brasileiro. A importância estratégica da inovação em saúde é enfatizada, indicando tanto as interações entre a pesquisa científica e as inovações no setor como as múltiplas influências entre a construção de um efetivo sistema de inovação no setor saúde e a economia. No caso brasileiro, em que o atraso tecnológico coexiste com o atraso social, a superação de ambos passa pelo fortalecimento das instituições do sistema de inovação do setor saúde.
