Egg development and viability in three species of Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae).

Different species of Cyclocephala scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) perform key functional roles in both natural and agricultural systems, such as the cycling of organic matter and pollination, while also being known as destructive pests both as immatures and adults. Therefore, the identification of biological parameters is crucial for defining strategies for their conservation and efficient pest management. In a forest fragment within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot, we field-captured adult individuals of Cyclocephala cearae, C. celata, and C. paraguayensis then reared and bred them under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. On a daily basis, we individually weighted eggs of all three species, from oviposition until hatching, and monitored egg development parameters (i.e., incubation duration, viability, and egg weight increase). Our findings provide novel empirical evidence showing (i) a positive correlation between egg weight and incubation duration, (ii) idiosyncratic characteristics on egg development, and (iii) a negative (involuntary) effect of manipulation on egg development and viability. Thus, the successful breeding and rearing of Cyclocephala spp. is correlated with egg integrity and the targeted species. Our analyses present a quantitative understanding of the egg phase and can assist in refining strategies for ovicidal activity and pest management of Cyclocephala spp. in agriculture systems. Moreover, they can provide a basis for new studies related to captivity breeding, pollinator management, and developmental biology for biodiversity conservation.

Relationship between zinc-related nutritional status and the progression of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate plasma and erythrocyte zinc status and its relationship to MS. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including 98 participants, distributed in groups: case (MS, n = 49), diagnosed with MS and control (n = 49), matched by age and sex with the case group. Zinc was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Mean plasma zinc was 94.6 (22.1) µg/dL for MS patients and 81.5 (31.3) µg/dL for control group, with statistical difference (p = 0.023). The mean erythrocyte zinc was 83.6 (41.6) µg/gHb for case group and 72.6 (31.5) µg/gHb for control. Erythrocyte SOD activity was above reference values, significantly different for MS patients (p = 0.003). There was a significant direct correlation between erythrocyte zinc and SOD (r = 0.835; p < 0.001). SOD showed inverse correlation with MS outbreaks (r = -0.317; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Patients with MS have normal plasma and elevated erythrocyte zinc. Erythrocyte zinc showed positive correlation with SOD, which correlated inversely to outbreaks.

Vacinas COVID-19 e suas implicações imunológicas: uma revisão de literatura / COVID-19 vaccines and immunological implications: A literature review

A COVID-19 e seus mecanismos imunológicos são, atualmente, temas de grande relevância mundial. Suas manifestações clínicas e as perigosas complicações decorrentes da tempestade de citocinas motivaram a criação de vacinas contra o SARS-CoV-2 em um ritmo acelerado, gerando desconfianças e diferentes níveis de eficácia e segurança. Este estudo trata-se de um artigo de revisão que abordou pesquisas publicadas no período de 2020 e 2021, utilizando as bibliotecas eletrônicas SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), PubMed, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) e MEDLINE com o rastreamento específico por meio dos seguintes descritores: vacinas COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, imunologia do COVID-19. Questões como o mecanismo imunológico, eficácia e efeitos adversos das vacinas disponíveis no mercado mundial atual foram amplamente discutidas.

COVID-19 and immunological mechanisms currently are topics of great worldwide relevance. Clinical manifestations and the dangerous complications resulting from a cytokine storm motivated the creation of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 at an accelerated pace, generating suspicions and different levels of efficacy and safety. This is a review article addressing research published in 2020 and 2021. The electronic libraries SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), PubMed, LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), and MEDLINE were used for specific screening with the following descriptors: COVID- 19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, immunology of COVID-19. Issues such as the immunological mechanism, efficacy, and adverse effects of vaccines currently available on the world market are widely discussed.

Cardiovascular risk estimated in individuals with multiple sclerosis: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) had a 1.5-fold increase in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality, compared with those without MS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the CVD risk in MS patients by multiple cardiometabolic indexes and to investigate associated factors. METHODS: The MS group included 57 patients matched for age and sex to 57 healthy controls. They were evaluated for physical activity, smoking, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and plasma biomarkers. Framingham risk score (FRS) and multiple cardiovascular risk indexes were calculated. Clinical course of disease, age at onset, disease duration, disease-modifying therapy, relapse rate, EDSS, physical and functional impairment were investigated. RESULTS: The mean age was 34.6 years old. The majority (89.5%) in the MS group had a RRMS clinical course and a mild level of disability (EDSS=1.0). WC (p = 0.022) and FM% (p = 0.007) were different between the MS and control groups. The FRS was higher in the MS group (10% versus 0%) and this was related with high prevalence of dyslipidemia (43.8% versus 36.8%). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (0.013) and Castelli risk indexes I (CRI-I) (p = 0.017) and II (CRI-II) (p = 0.008) and non-HDL-C (p = 0.044) were higher in the MS group. CONCLUSION: MS patients, with controlled disease course, have a higher cardiovascular risk than comparable healthy individuals. We emphasize that the use of FRS, and the monitoring of CRI-I and II, as well as AIP, are important lipid markers to manage CVD risk in individuals with MS.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and clinical course of multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims at analyzing the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and the clinical condition of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. METHODS: It is a quantitative, cross-sectional analytical study that included 137 MS patients assisted at a reference center for MS treatment in the Brazilian northeast. Data was collated through a structured questionnaire and medical records consultation, also involving demographic, clinical, and nutritional variables. Clinical variables included the MS type, diagnosis and follow-up start dates, investigation of recent urinary tract symptoms, use of immunomodulatory, vitamin D supplementation, number of recent pulse therapies, relapse rate in the last 2 years, muscular strength assessment (MRC), disability degree (EDSS), and a gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in the central white matter (CWM). The DII was calculated according to the Shivappa et al. methodology. RESULTS: There was no difference in any of the variables according to the DII (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Dietary Inflammatory Index did not affect the clinical condition of individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Interactions between dietary inflammatory index, nutritional state and Multiple Sclerosis clinical condition.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) consists of a tool that assesses dietary inflammatory potential based on the assignment of an inflammatory score to a variety of nutrients, seasonings and bioactive compounds. Pro-inflammatory diets are associated to weight and abdominal fat excess. High Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC) seem to contribute to a worse prognosis in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the relation between anthropometric indexes and body adiposity with the clinical condition and the Dietary Inflammatory Index of MS individuals. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, analytical study that included 137 MS patients residing in the Brazilian northeast. Through a structured questionnaire and medical records consultation, we collected data on demographics, nutritional state, arterial pressure, clinical and dietary variables. Clinical variables included the MS type, number of pulse therapies and attack rate in the last two years, number of days of most recent pulse therapy and muscular strength assessment scores (MRC) and most recent disability level (EDSS). The nutritional state was evaluated based on BMI, WC, waist-hip ratio (WHR), Body Roundness Index (BRI), Body Shape z score Index (ABSIz) and body fat percentage (%BF). The DII was calculated according to a validated methodology. RESULTS: The ABSIz presented a positive correlation with regards to the EDSS score (r = 0.294. p = 0.001). WC and WHR presented a negative correlation in relation to the number of pulse therapy days (r = -0.255. p = 0.022 and r = -0.251. p = 0.024). BMI and %BF were not correlated to clinical variables (p > 0.05). The DII was positively correlated to the BMI in people with progressive MS (r = 0.556. p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The DII may interfere in the nutritional state of MS patients and the nutritional state may affect disability levels but it is necessary to establish which nutritional indicator can better predict the relation between DII and the clinical condition of MS patients.

Flight patterns and sex ratio of beetles of the subfamily Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)

ABSTRACT Dynastinae is one of the most representative subfamilies of Melolonthidae (Scarabaeoidea) and has considerable ecological importance due mainly to interactions with plants of the families Araceae and Annonaceae. This relationship has led to the evolution of nocturnal activity patterns, which are influenced by environmental conditions. In the present study, abiotic factors were investigated to comprehend the influence on the flight patterns and identify the sex ratio of beetles from this subfamily. A study was conducted at Campo de Instrução Marechal Newton Cavalcanti in northeastern Brazil between December 2010 and November 2011. Thirteen species of Dynastinae were identified, most of which were from the genus Cyclocephala. Abundance and richness were greater in the dry season. Six species exhibited peak flight activity at specific periods of the night. More females than males were recorded for Cyclocephala distincta and C. paraguayensis. The present findings suggest that rainfall reduces the flight activity of these beetles and different time schedules may be related to mating behavior, foraging behavior and the avoidance of interspecific resource competition.

Câncer infantil: percepções de cuidadoras sobre alimentação, dinâmica familiar e emocional / Childhood cancer: caregivers' perception regarding feeding, family dynamics and emotions / Cáncer infantil: percepciones de cuidadoras sobre alimentación, dinámica familiar y emocional

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de cuidadoras sobre alimentação, dinâmica familiar e emocional de crianças e adolescentes com câncer. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa das informações, realizada entre março e maio de 2013 em um centro pediátrico de referência no diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer infantojuvenil, em Fortaleza/CE. Foram selecionadas, por amostragem não probabilística, aleatória e por conveniência, 24 cuidadoras de crianças com câncer. Coletaram-se informações por entrevista semiestruturada e grupo focal; posteriormente, realizou-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Definiram-se as seguintes categorias: "Dinâmica familiar e suas implicações emocionais", "Preocupação com a alimentação saudável" e "Mitos alimentares". Os conteúdos expõem cuidadoras preocupadas com as mudanças na dinâmica familiar devido à sua ausência constante do lar para dedicarem-se à criança doente. O principal problema enfrentado foi a recusa alimentar da criança doente, pois dele emerge a alimentação como ato de amor, cuidado e cura. As mães referiram aspectos culturais que interferem na organização da dieta de sua família, especificamente os mitos. Conclusão: Na percepção das mães cuidadoras entrevistadas, existem importantes repercussões do diagnóstico de câncer que geram modificações na alimentação, dinâmica familiar e emocional, demandando adaptação da criança doente e de sua família.

Objective: To know caregivers' perception regarding feeding, family dynamics and emotions of children and adolescents with cancer. Methods: Qualitative descriptive research conducted between March and May 2013 in a reference pediatric center for diagnosis and treatment of cancer in infants and young children in Fortaleza, Ceará. The nonprobability, random and convenience sample included 24 caregivers of children with câncer. Information was collected using semi-structured interviews and focus group, and was later submitted to content analysis. Results: The following categories were defined: "Family dynamics and its emotional implications", "Concern about healthy eating" and "Food myths". The content reveals caregivers concerned about changes in family dynamics due to the constant absence from home to devote to the sick child. The main problem faced was the sick child's refusal to eat, and feeding emerged as an act of love, care and cure. Mothers reported cultural aspects that interfere in the planning of their family's diet, particularly the myths. Conclusion: From the point of view of the caregiving mothers interviewed, the cancer diagnosis has important consequences that generate changes in the feeding, family dynamics and emotions, which require the adaptation of the sick child and the family.

Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de cuidadoras sobre la alimentación, la dinámica familiar y emocional de niños y adolescentes con cáncer. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva de abordaje cualitativa de las informaciones realizada entre marzo y mayo de 2013 en un centro de pediatría de referencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer infanto-juvenil de Fortaleza, Ceará. Fueron elegidas 24 cuidadoras de niños con cáncer a través de un muestreo no probabilístico, aleatorio y por conveniencia. Se recogieron informaciones a través de entrevista semiestruturada y grupo focal; a posteriori se realizó el análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se definieron las siguientes categorías: "Dinámica familiar y sus implicaciones emocionales", "Preocupación con la alimentación saludable" y "Mitos alimentarios". Los contenidos muestran cuidadoras preocupadas con los cambios de la dinâmica familiar debido la ausencia constante del hogar para dedicarse al niño enfermo. El principal problema afrontado ha sido la recusa alimentaria del niño enfermo pues de él emerge la alimentación como un acto de amor, cuidado y cura. Las madres refirieron los aspectos culturales que interfieren en la organización de la dieta de su familia, en especial los mitos. Conclusión: En la percepción de las madres cuidadoras entrevistadas hay importantes repercusiones del diagnóstico de cáncer que generan modificaciones de la alimentación, la dinámica familiar y emocional necesitando adaptación del niño enfermo y su familia.

New biological and immature morphological records of the masked chafer, Cyclocephala paraguayensis.

In order to obtain information on the biology of the masked chafer, Cyclocephala paraguayensis Arrow (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini), and its immature morphology, the beetle life cycle was studied under laboratory conditions. After field collection, adults were placed inside containers filled with soil obtained in the original capture to provide an oviposition site after mating ocurred. Eggs were collected daily and isolated for manipulation experiments and life cycle observations. Detailed information about the eggs, instars and life cycle duration, and morphological features of immature stages were noted and examined. Egg viability was higher in the "nonmanipulated" batch. The complete ontogenic cycle of C. paraguayensis was 171 ± 11 days (n = 7). Despite the records of Cyclocephala being crop pests, reared larvae of C. paraguayensis thrived and developed into well-formed, fertile adults on an entirely saprophagous diet, indicating that they are not rhizophagous in the wild. The third instar can be distinguished from the other species mainly by the following unique characters: maximum width of the head capsule, distal antennal setae, and bifurcated setae on the raster.

Influência da educação nutricional no conhecimento sobre a relação dieta-doença de mulheres mastectomizadas / Influence of nutrition education in the knowledge of the diet-disease relation of mastectomized women

In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of educational activities (EAs) in the nutrition knowledge (NK) of women with breast cancer. This is a longitudinal interventional study, with quantitative and qualitative approach, carried out in the Cancer Center of Fortaleza, Ceara state, in the following moments: T0 - Nutritional assessment (NA) and measurement of NK; T1 - Development of Eas; and T2 - NA and measurement of NK after EAs. The sample comprised 11 women. In T0 and T2, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were assessed, and NK was measured by the Nutrition Knowledge Scale (NCS). In T1, three EAs were carried out, and through round-table con¬versation, the reports of these women were organized into thematic categories: the origin of breast cancer, attitudes that would prevent the cancer, beliefs about diet-disease relation and conceptions about fibers. The largest portion of the sample (n=6, 54.5%) presented nutritional diagnosis of overweight. There were no significant differences in weight, BMI and WC between times T0 and T2. In T2, we found a significant increase (p<0.05) in the NCS score, where the majority (n=8, 72.7%) began to reveal higher knowledge. The speeches of the participants showed the understanding of important aspects of breast cancer etiology. The NK improved significantly; however, it was not sufficient to modify the nutritional status of these women. Before the reports, we observed that isolated knowledge is not capable of promoting changes in eating behavior, probably because it is influenced by several factors.

El objetivo del trabajo fue investigar la influencia de las actividades educativas (AEs) en los conocimientos sobre nutrición de las mujeres con cáncer de mama. Se trata de un estudio longitudinal y de intervención, cuanti-cualitativo, realizado en un Centro de Oncología de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, en los momentos T0 - Evaluación nutricional y medida del conocimiento nutricional (CN); T1 (desarrollo de AEs) y y T2 - Evaluación nutricional y medición de CN después de las AEs. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 11 mujeres. En los momentos T0 y T2 se evaluaron peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y circunferencia de la cintura (CC); el CN fue evaluado por la Escala de Conocimientos sobre Nutrición (ECN). En el momento T1 se realizaron tres AEs y, por medio de ruedas de conversación, se organizaron los testimonios de las mujeres en categorías temáticas: origen del cáncer de mama, actitudes que evitarían la aparición del cáncer, creencias sobre la relación entre dieta-enfermedad y concepciones sobre fibras. La mayor parte de la muestra (n=6; 54,5%) presentó diagnóstico nutricional de sobrepeso. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en peso, IMC y CC entre los momentos T0 y T2. En T2 se encontró un aumento significativo (p<0,05) en la puntuación del ECN, en el que la mayoría (n=8; 72,7%) reveló incrementos en sus conocimientos. Los testimonios de las participantes mostraron una comprensión de los aspectos importantes de la etiología del cáncer de mama. El conocimiento nutricional mejoró significativamente, sin embargo, no fue suficiente para modificar el estado nutricional de las mujeres estudiadas. Frente a los relatos, se constató que, aisladamente, el conocimiento no es capaz de promover cambios en la conducta alimentaria, probablemente porque ésta está influenciada por varios factores.

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência de atividades educativas (AEs) no conhecimento nutricional de mulheres com neoplasia mamária. Estudo longitudinal e de intervenção, quantiqualitativo, realizado em um Centro de Oncologia em Fortaleza, Ceará, nos momentos: T0 ? Avaliação nutricional e mensuração do conhecimento nutricional (CN); T1 ? Desenvolvimento de AEs, e T2 ? Avaliação nutricional e mensuração do CN após as AEs. Amostra composta por 11 mulheres. Nos momentos T0 e T2, foram avaliados peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC), sendo o CN mensurado pela Escala deConhecimento Nutricional (ECN). No momento T1, realizaram-se três AEs e, por meio de roda de conversa, os relatos dessas mulheres foramorganizados em categorias temáticas: origem do câncer de mama; atitudes que evitariam o surgimento do câncer; crenças sobre a relaçãodieta-doença e concepções sobre fibras. A maior parcela da amostra (n=6; 54,5%) apresentou diagnóstico nutricional de sobrepeso. Não foramverificadas diferenças significativas de peso, IMC e CC entre os momentos T0 e T2. No T2, verificou-se aumento significativo (p<0,05) no escore da ECN, em que a maioria (n=8; 72,7%) passou a revelar alto conhecimento. As falas das participantes revelaram o entendimento sobre aspectos importantes da etiologia do câncer de mama. O conhecimento nutricional melhorou significativamente; entretanto, não foi suficiente para modificar o estado nutricional dessas mulheres. Diante dos relatos, observou-se que,isoladamente, o conhecimento não é capaz de promover mudanças no comportamento alimentar, provavelmente por este ser influenciado pordiversos fatores.

Conhecimento nutricional de mulheres com câncer de mama e sua relação com o estado nutricional / El conocimiento nutricional de mujeres con cáncer de mama y su relación con el estado nutricional / Nutritional knowledge of women with breast cancer and its relationship with nutritional status

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento nutricional de mulheres com câncer de mama sob a interface dieta-doença e sua relação com o estado nutricional. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, realizado entre junho e setembro de 2011 com 59 mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama, em tratamento quimio ou radioterápico, maiores de 19 anos, que não receberam orientação nutricional prévia. Não foram incluídas mulheres que fossem vegetarianas ou tivessem finalizado o tratamento há mais de 2 anos. As pacientes eram atendidas num centro oncológico de referência em Fortaleza-CE. Os dados clínicos e socioeconômicos foram coletados mediante entrevista direta e busca em prontuários. A avaliação do conhecimento nutricional (CN) se deu pela aplicação da Escala de Conhecimento Nutricional, desenvolvida pelo National Health Interview Survey Cancer Epidemiology, validada para o Brasil, aplicada por um entrevistador treinado. O estado nutricional foi avaliado através do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e da circunferência da cintura (CC). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo software SPSS 16.0. Resutados: Entre 59 pacientes avaliadas, 18 (30,5%) apresentaram baixo conhecimento sobre a relação dietadoença. O IMC médio foi 29 kg/m2 (±4,4) e 47 (79,7%) tinham excesso de peso (sobrepeso ou obesidade). Não foi verificada correlação entre conhecimento nutricional e IMC (p=0,64). Os escores de conhecimento nutricional foram semelhantes entre as pacientes com excesso de peso e as eutróficas (p=0,89). Conclusão: As mulheres estudadas apresentaram baixo conhecimento sobre a interface dieta-doença, encontravam-se com excesso de peso, mas não mostraram relação entre conhecimento nutricional e estado nutricional.

Objective: To assess the nutritional knowledge of women with breast cancer on the dietdisease interface and its association with nutritional status. Methods: Observational, crosssectional and analytical study, conducted between June and September 2011, with 59 women diagnosed with breast cancer, undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment, older than 19, who did not receive prior nutritional counseling. Vegetarian women or those whose treatment had been completed more than two years prior to the study were not included. The patients were treated at a cancer care reference center, in Fortaleza-CE. Clinical and socioeconomic data was collected through direct interview and searching in medical records. The assessment of nutritional knowledge (NK) was performed with the Nutrition KnowledgeScale, developed by the National Health Interview Survey Cancer Epidemiology, validated for Brazil, applied by a trained interviewer. Nutritional status was assessed through body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Data was analyzed statistically by SPSS 16.0. Results: Among 59 patients evaluated, 18 (30.5%) women had a limited knowledge of the diet-disease association. The mean BMI was 29 kg/m2 (± 4.4) and 47 (79.7%) women presented excessive weight (overweight or obesity). There was no correlation between nutritional knowledge and BMI (p = 0.64). Nutrition knowledge scores were similar among patients with overweight and normal weight (p = 0.89). Conclusion: Women in this study had a limited knowledge of the interface between diet and disease, were overweight, but there was no correlation between their nutritional knowledge and nutritional status.

Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento nutricional de las mujeres com cáncer de mama sobre el aspecto dieta-enfermedad y su relación con el estado nutricional. Métodos: Estudio observacional, trasversal y analítico, realizado entre junio y septiembre de 2011 con 59 mujeres con el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, en tratamiento de quimioterapia o radioterapia, mayores de 19 años y que no recibieron orientación nutricional previa. No fueron incluidas las mujeres que eran vegetarianas o que tuvieran finalizado el tratamiento hace más de 2 años. Las pacientes eran atendidas en un centro de oncología de referencia en Fortaleza-CE. Los datos clínicos y socioeconómicos fueron recogidos a través de una entrevista directa y análisis de las historias clínicas. La evaluación del conocimiento nutricional (CN) se dio con La aplicación de la Escala de Conocimiento Nutricional desarrollada por el National Health Interview Survey Cancer Epidemiology validada para Brasil, aplicada por un entrevistador entrenado para ello. El estado nutricional fue evaluado a través del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y de la circunferencia de La cintura (CC). Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente por El software SPSS 16.0. Resultados: De las 59 pacientes evaluadas, 18 (30,5%) presentaron bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre La relación dieta-enfermedad. El IMC medio fue de 29 kg/m2 (±4,4) y 47 (79,7%) tenían exceso de peso (sobrepeso u obesidad). No se verificó la correlación entre el conocimiento nutricional y el IMC (p=0,64). Las puntuaciones del conocimiento nutricional fueron similares en las pacientes con exceso de peso y las eutróficas (p=0,89). Conclusión: Las mujeres estudiadas presentaron bajo conocimiento sobre la interface dieta-enfermedad, se presentaron con exceso de peso, pero no mostraron relación entre el conocimiento nutricional y el estado nutricional.

Comparação dos fatores de risco para amputações maiores e menores em pacientes diabéticos de um Programa de Saúde da Família / Comparison of risk factors for major and minor amputation in diabetic patients included in a Family Health Program

CONTEXTO: Dentre as maiores causas de internamento hospitalar em pacientes com diabetes melito tipos 1 e 2 estão as complicações do pé diabético, principalmente pelas sequelas, muitas vezes incapacitantes, destacando-se as amputações de membros inferiores. A insuficiência vascular periférica ocorre mais precocemente nesses pacientes. A coexistência de neuropatia, isquemia e imunodeficiência favorece o desenvolvimento de infecções nos membros inferiores, que, se não tratadas adequadamente, podem levar a amputações e até à morte. OBJETIVOS: Comparar os fatores de risco para amputações maiores e menores em pacientes diabéticos de um Programa de Saúde da Família do CAIC Virgem dos Pobres III, em Maceió, AL. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 93 pacientes com o diagnóstico de diabetes melito, sendo avaliada a realização ou não de amputações de membros inferiores. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, tipo do diabetes, pressão arterial, amputação prévia (se maior ou menor), alterações dermatológicas, alterações de pulsos arteriais pedioso e tibial posterior, deformidades e neuropatia, e foram classificadas de acordo com a classificação de Wagner e de Texas. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes eram diabéticos tipo 2. Verificou-se que 4,30 por cento dos pacientes evoluíram para amputação de membros inferiores. Não se observou variação significativa da hipertensão, deformidades e neuropatia em relação ao grupo de pacientes que foram amputados. Entretanto, a ausência de detecção dos pulsos distais dos membros inferiores revelou-se bastante significativa com relação ao desfecho de amputação. CONCLUSÃO: Deve-se proporcionar aos diabéticos um atendimento ambulatorial adequado para que seja possível prevenir ou minimizar tais complicações.

BACKGROUND: The main causes of hospital admission in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus include diabetic foot complications, which may result in particularly disabling sequelae, such as lower limb amputation. Peripheral vascular insufficiency is a common early occurrence in these patients. The coexistence of neuropathy, ischemia, and immunodeficiency favors the development of infections in the lower limbs, which if not treated properly can lead to amputation and even death. OBJECTIVE: Compare risk factors for major and minor amputations in diabetic patients in the Family Health Program of the health care facility CAIC Virgem dos Pobres III, in Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil. METHODS: We examined 93 patients diagnosed with diabetes, assessing whether or not lower limb amputation was performed. The variables analyzed were: sex, age, type of diabetes, blood pressure, previous amputation (whether major or minor), skin changes, changes in arterial pedal and posterior tibial pulses, deformities, and neuropathy. Variables were classified according to the Wagner and Texas wound classification. RESULTS: All patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. We found that 4.30 percent of the patients progressed to lower limb amputation. There was no significant variation in hypertension, deformities and neuropathy in relation to the amputee group. However, absence of distal pulses in the lower limb proved to be quite significant in relation to amputation outcome. CONCLUSION: Diabetic patients should receive appropriate outpatient medical care in order to prevent or minimize diabetes-related complications.