"Time Slows Down Whenever You Are Around" for Women but Not for Men.

What happens when we unexpectedly see an attractive potential partner? Previous studies in laboratory settings suggest that the visualization of attractive and unattractive photographs influences the perception of time. The major aim of this research is to study time perception and attraction in a realistic social scenario, by investigating if changes in subjective time measured during a speed dating are associated with attraction. The duration of the dates was variable and participants had to estimate the time that passed. Among other measures, participants also rated the potential partners in terms of their physical attractiveness before and after the dates and reported if they would like to exchange contact with them. Results showed that, in a real speed dating situation, when there is a perception of the partner as being physically more attractive, women tend to overestimate the duration of that meeting, whereas men tend to underestimate its duration. Such changes may reflect evolutionary adaptations which make the human cognitive system more responsive in situations related to reproductive fitness.

Emotional Induction Through Music: Measuring Cardiac and Electrodermal Responses of Emotional States and Their Persistence.

Emotional inductions through music (EIM) procedures have proved to evoke genuine emotions according to neuroimaging studies. However, the persistence of the emotional states after being exposed to musical excerpts remains mostly unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the curve of emotional state generated by an EIM paradigm over a 6-min recovery phase, monitored with valence and arousal self-report measures, and physiological parameters. Stimuli consisted of a neutral and two valenced musical excerpts previously reported to generate such states. The neutral excerpt was composed in a minimalist form characterized by simple sonorities, rhythms, and patterns; the positive excerpt had fast tempo and major tones, and the negative one was slower in tempo and had minor tone. Results of 24 participants revealed that positive and negative EIM effectively induced self-reported happy and sad emotions and elicited higher skin conductance levels (SCL). Although self-reported adjectives describing evoked-emotions states changed to neutral after 2 min in the recovery phase, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal for both positive and negative emotional states. The implications of these outcomes for musical research are discussed.

How Does Allocation of Emotional Stimuli Impact Working Memory Tasks? An Overview.

In this review, we investigated the influence of happy/pleasurable and sad/unpleasant emotional stimuli on working memory (WM) performance. Twenty-eight out of 356 articles were reviewed. We observed that emotional stimuli were used as mood inductors or as targets comprising the WM task. Results showed that WM modalities were influenced differently when updating, interference resolution, span, and complex tasks were applied. Specifically, we found distinct effects of emotional stimuli for updating tasks, in which (a) verbal modality seems to be impaired regardless of the emotional valence used compared to neutral stimuli, (b) visual updating processes appear to be improved by emotional stimuli as the targets of the task, and (c) emotional words improved interference resolution performance. As for storage, span, and complex WM tasks, sad/unpleasant emotional stimuli seem to decrease both verbal and visuospatial modalities when used as emotional inductors.

Mecanismos explicativos das falsas memórias no paradigma DRM / Explanatory mechanisms of false memories in DRM paradigm

Neste artigo apresenta-se uma revisão da literatura sobre as principais teorias e mecanismos explicativos da ocorrência de falsas memórias no paradigma Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM). São também apresentados dados de artigos empíricos que suportam cada uma das teorias, e discutidas as suas implicações para a compreensão deste fenômeno. Historicamente, as primeiras explicações teóricas centravam-se no conceito de associação para explicar as intrusões em tarefas de memória. Mais tarde, o conceito de ativação assumiu grande relevância para explicar a ocorrência de memórias falsas no paradigma DRM. Contudo, o conceito de ativação revelou-se insuficiente para explicar alguns resultados descritos por vários autores. Assim, junto com os mecanismos de ativação, as duas grandes teorias explicativas (teoria de ativação e monitoramento e teoria do traço difuso) consideram a existência de mecanismos de monitoramento ou controle. Os mecanismos de monitoramento permitem explicar a diminuição ou o desaparecimento das memórias falsas em algumas condições experimentais. Apesar de serem diferentes, as visões de ambas as teorias não são inconciliáveis e talvez sejam necessárias para a integral compreensão das falsas memórias no paradigma DRM. Assim, propõe-se a adoção de uma abordagem teórica que integre contributos das duas teorias.

This literature review explores the major theories and explanatory mechanisms in the occurrence of false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM). This study presents data from empirical studies that support each of the theories and discusses their implications for understanding false memories. Historically, the first theories explaining false memories focused on the concept of association in order to explain intrusions in memory tasks. Later on, the concept of activation received greater importance in explaining false memories in the DRM paradigm. However, activation by itself is insufficient to explain all the results described by several authors. Therefore, the two current major theories that explain false memories in the DRM paradigm (activation monitoring theory and fuzzy trace theory) consider the existence of monitoring or control mechanisms, together with activation mechanisms. These monitoring mechanisms, which operate in opposite direction to activation mechanisms, explain the decrease or disappearance of false memories under certain circumstances. Although different, activation monitoring and fuzzy trace theories have reconcilable perspectives and may be both necessary for a comprehensive understanding of false memories in the DRM paradigm. Thus, we propose the adoption of a theoretical approach that integrates contributionsfrom both theories.

Produção de memórias falsas com listas de associados: análise do efeito do nível de processamento e da natureza da prova de memória / La production de mémoires faux aves des mots associés: analyse de l'effet du niveau de codification et de la nature des tâches de mémoire / Producción de falsos recuerdos con listas de palabras asociadas: análisis del efecto del nivel de procesamiento y de la naturaleza de la tarea de memoria / Creating false memory through associated words: analysis of the effects of the levels of processing and memory task

As memórias falsas têm sido amplamente estudadas com base num procedimento experimental designado paradigma DRM (Deese/Roediger/McDermott). Esse paradigma promove a criação de ilusões de memória a partir da apresentação de listas de palavras associadas a um item que não consta da lista. Uma das linhas de investigação com o paradigma DRM visa identificar o momento da criação das falsas memórias e explicar os mecanismos que estão na sua origem. Neste artigo, pretendemos fazer uma revisão da investigação sobre o efeito do nível de processamento e da natureza da tarefa de memória na facilitação ou inibição da produção de memórias falsas com listas de associados semânticos.

False memories have been widely studied using an experimental procedure called DRM paradigm (Deese/Roediger/McDermott). This paradigm produces memory illusions due to the presentation of lists of words associated to a critical nonpresented word. One line of research on this topic aims at identifying the moment when the false memories are created and the explanation of the mechanisms underling false memories. In this paper we present a review about the effect of level-of-processing and the nature of memory task for the boost or inhibition of false memories created by means of lists of semantic associates.

Le paradigme DRM (Deese/Roediger/McDermott) est un des plus connus et plus robustes parmi les études des faux mémoires dans le contexte du laboratoire. Ce paradigme permet la création d'illusions de mémoire à partir des mots sémantiquement associés à un item qui n'a pas été présenté. Au milieu des investigations basées sur le paradigme DRM il y a des études dont l'objectif est d'identifier e d´expliquer les mécanismes qui sont à l'origine de la production des faux mémoires. Plus spécifiquement, on a pour but de faire une révision de la recherche sur l'effet du niveau de codification et de la nature des tâches de mémoire sur la facilitation ou l´inhibition de la production de faux mémoires à partir des mots sémantiquement associés.

Los falsos recuerdos han sido muy estudiados mediante la aplicación del paradigma DRM (Deese/Roediger/McDermott). El paradigma permite producir ilusiones de memoria tras la presentación de listas de palabras asociadas a una palabra que no se incluye en la lista. Una de las líneas de investigación que utilizan el paradigma DRM busca identificar el preciso momento de la creación de falsos recuerdos y explicar los mecanismos que originan ese efecto. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión de la investigación sobre el efecto de los niveles de procesamiento y la naturaleza de la tarea de memoria en la facilitación y inhibición de la producción de falsos recuerdos con listas de asociados semánticos.

Produção de memórias falsas com listas de associados: análise do efeito do nível de processamento e da natureza da prova de memória / La production de mémoires faux aves des mots associés: Analyse de l'effet du niveau de codification et de la nature des tâches de mémoire / Producción de falsos recuerdos con listas de palabras asociadas: análisis del efecto del nivel de procesamiento y de la naturaleza de la tarea de memoria / Creating false memory through associated words: analysis of the effects of the levels of processing and memory task

As memórias falsas têm sido amplamente estudadas com base num procedimento experimental designado paradigma DRM (Deese/Roediger/McDermott). Esse paradigma promove a criação de ilusões de memória a partir da apresentação de listas de palavras associadas a um item que não consta da lista. Uma das linhas de investigação com o paradigma DRM visa identificar o momento da criação das falsas memórias e explicar os mecanismos que estão na sua origem. Neste artigo, pretendemos fazer uma revisão da investigação sobre o efeito do nível de processamento e da natureza da tarefa de memória na facilitação ou inibição da produção de memórias falsas com listas de associados semânticos.(AU)

False memories have been widely studied using an experimental procedure called DRM paradigm (Deese/Roediger/McDermott). This paradigm produces memory illusions due to the presentation of lists of words associated to a critical nonpresented word. One line of research on this topic aims at identifying the moment when the false memories are created and the explanation of the mechanisms underling false memories. In this paper we present a review about the effect of level-of-processing and the nature of memory task for the boost or inhibition of false memories created by means of lists of semantic associates.(AU)

Le paradigme DRM (Deese/Roediger/McDermott) est un des plus connus et plus robustes parmi les études des faux mémoires dans le contexte du laboratoire. Ce paradigme permet la création d'illusions de mémoire à partir des mots sémantiquement associés à un item qui n'a pas été présenté. Au milieu des investigations basées sur le paradigme DRM il y a des études dont l'objectif est d'identifier e d´expliquer les mécanismes qui sont à l'origine de la production des faux mémoires. Plus spécifiquement, on a pour but de faire une révision de la recherche sur l'effet du niveau de codification et de la nature des tâches de mémoire sur la facilitation ou l´inhibition de la production de faux mémoires à partir des mots sémantiquement associés.(AU)

Los falsos recuerdos han sido muy estudiados mediante la aplicación del paradigma DRM (Deese/Roediger/McDermott). El paradigma permite producir ilusiones de memoria tras la presentación de listas de palabras asociadas a una palabra que no se incluye en la lista. Una de las líneas de investigación que utilizan el paradigma DRM busca identificar el preciso momento de la creación de falsos recuerdos y explicar los mecanismos que originan ese efecto. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión de la investigación sobre el efecto de los niveles de procesamiento y la naturaleza de la tarea de memoria en la facilitación y inhibición de la producción de falsos recuerdos con listas de asociados semánticos.(AU)