Effects of Screen Time and Season on Cardiovascular System Indicators in Primary Schoolchildren.

Indicators of the cardiovascular system, including heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) variability parameters, were analyzed in primary school students with different computer screen times. The study included 4084 students of grades 1-4 (age 7-12 years) from 66 Moscow schools. The screen time at school and out of school was assessed by teachers, based on the national Sanitary Rules and Regulations: 0, no screen time; 1, screen time matching hygienic standards; 2, screen time at least twice greater than recommended. Physiological examinations were carried out by spiroarteriocardiorhythmography with a face mask, the conditions corresponding to the functional stress test (mild hypercapnia/hypoxia). Testing took place in spring and autumn (independent samples). Statistical data processing was performed using nonparametric criteria. It was revealed that the introduction of computer technologies in school lessons within the limits of hygienic standards was accompanied by an increase, within the normal range, of systolic BP in girls at the end of grade 2 and 4 and in boys at the beginning and end of grade 4. Screen time at least twice higher than the hygienic standard did not have an additional effect on BP, but provoked shifts in the function of autonomic regulation. Boys were more sensitive to the influence of this environmental factor. Their pattern of seasonal variability in total power (TP) of the HR variability spectrum was reversed compared to that of children who did not use computers at school; i.e., higher TP values were observed in spring. In grade 4, the process was accompanied by an increase in spontaneous arterial baroreflex sensitivity and a decrease in the relative power of the LF range in the variability spectrum of systolic BP. The changes were assumed to reflect the adaptive response to changes in educational environment.

[Change of transcription level of photoreceptor-specific CRX gene in the peripheral blood of the participants of an arctic world oceanic international flight]. / Izmenenie urovnya transkriptsii fotoretseptor-spetsifichnogo gena CRX u uchastnikov arkticheskogo krugosvetnogo pereleta.

The CRX gene encoding the cone-rod homeobox protein is a specific photoreceptor transcription factor crucial for retinal function. Persons temporarily residing in the Arctic zone during the polar summer may suffer from disturbances associated with extremely high ambient illumination. These environmental changes are mediated by retinal photoreceptors; therefore, it is important to study the expression of retinal genes in order to assess individual capacities of sensory adaptation to polar day conditions. PURPOSE: To reveal the dynamics of CRX expression level in humans after a prolonged temporary exposure to polar day conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 6 pilots (males from 39 to 69 y.o.) who participated in the Arctic World Oceanic International Flight Sever Vash (West to East, from 62°N 74°E to 72°N 114°E). Samples of peripheral blood for RNA isolation were collected at the start and at the end of the flight. The level of mRNA in the samples was evaluated based on the data of quantitative real-time PCR of the CRX gene, as well as the b2M and TBP housekeeping genes (reference). RESULTS: Expression of the CRX gene in the studied group (p<0.01) was revealed; the total average level of mRNA was about 3 times higher prior to, and approximately 7 times higher after normalization to the b2M gene. Five pilots had increased expression of the CRX gene within the range of -1.53 to -3.07 (Z-score of <0 before the flight and >0 after the flight). In one pilot, the level of CRX expression was higher at the start, but it reduced by the end of the circumnavigation flight. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the hypothesis that the CRX gene is expressed after a prolonged temporary exposure to polar day conditions. It was also revealed that during rapid adaptation, equal changes in the illumination of retinal photoreceptors lead to different individual dynamics of CRX expression.

[Coagulation properties of erythrocyte derived membrane microparticles]. / Koaguliatsionnye svoistva membrannykh mikrochastits éritrotsitov.

Membrane microparticles (MP) produced upon cell activation and/or damage possess coagulation activity, i.e. ability to accelerate blood clotting. They contain on their surface phosphatidylserine (PS), a substrate for assembling coagulation enzymatic complexes, and some of them tissue factor (TF), the initiator of clotting cascade reactions. In this study coagulation properties of MP derived from erythrocytes have been investigated. These MP were obtained from donor's erythrocytes activated with ionophore A23187 as well as from outdated erythrocyte concentrates for transfusion. MP were counted by flow cytometry. Coagulation activity of MP was examined by modified plasma recalcification assay. Involvement of PS and TF in this reaction was assessed using PS blocker lactadherin and anti-TF antibodies. TF activity in MP was measured by its ability to activate factor X in a chromogenic assay. Size of MP was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. Properties of erythrocyte MP were compared with previously characterized (using the same methodological approaches) MP derived from platelets and monocytic THP-1 cells, lacking and containing TF, respectively. Erythrocyte MP accelerated plasma clotting, but less actively than MP from platelets and MP from THP-1 cells, which demonstrated maximal activity. Lactadherin completely inhibited coagulation activity of all MP. Anti-TF antibodies did not affect clotting parameters in the presence of platelet and erythrocyte MP, but slowed clotting in the presence of MP from THP-1 cells. TF activity was not detected in erythrocyte and platelet MP, unlike MP from THP-1 cells expressing active TF. MP derived from erythrocytes were smaller than MP from platelets and THP-1 cells, with average diameter about 200 nm and 400 nm respectively. Thus, MP from erythrocyte possess less ability to accelerate plasma clotting in comparison with MP from platelet and THP-1 cells. The data obtained suggest that lesser coagulation activity of erythrocyte MP in comparison with MP from THP-1 cells is due to the absence of TF in erythrocyte MP (in contrast to MP from THP-1 cells) and to their smaller size, and in comparison with MP from platelets (which as erythrocyte MP do not express TF) is due to their smaller size only.

[Clinical biochemistry methods in objectiva evalution of overeating foood of carnivores (meat)by a phylogenetically herbivorous homo sapiens (a patient).]

The abuse of food of carnivores (meat) by phylogeneticallyI herbivorous Homo sapiens (a patient) initiates atherosclerosis. Addressing biogenetic law of E. Haeckel that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny (a universal anamnesis), we suggest a diagnostic technique that allows evaluation of the meat diet abuse by a herbivorous Homo sapiens. This technique is based on application of phylogenetic theory of general pathology to clinical practice. The degrees of objective evaluation of nonphysiological overeating of meat are: the first, an increase in the fast plasma content of oleic triglycerides palmitoyl-oleyl-palmitate (POP). The second, hyperglyceridemia + an increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CL) content. The third, increased plasma content of apoС-III. The fourth, an increase in the concentration of apoВ-48. If electrophoregrams are analyzed and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type is determined according to WHO classification, the first degree of meat overeating is not informative, the second, corresponds to type IV HLP; the third, to type IIb HLP, and the forth, to type V HLP, i.e, the patient diet consists practically of the food of carnivores. Hyperlipoproteinemia coincides with insulin resistance syndrome, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which is based on blood increase of fatty acids in the form of polar unesterified fatty acids (UFA). According to phylogenetic theory of general pathology, in vivo cells do not internalize glucose if there is a possibility to internalize UFA. Preventive examination allows evaluation of disorders in the biological function of trophology (food consumption). Thus, the use of different methods in the analysis of this function offers evaluation of the effectiveness of diet therapy from the level of disorders when treatment was started.

Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Formed by Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Irradiated Animals.

C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to γ-radiation in a dose of 7.5 Gy. A week later, the experimental group received intravenous injection of extracellular vesicles isolated from the culture medium of human bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Changes in the physiological parameters of animals were assessed by laser correlation spectroscopy, histological examination, cytometry, and by differential leukocyte count. In 3 and 6 weeks, the parameters of the experimental group occupied an intermediate position between the intact and irradiated groups or did not differ significantly from the parameters of the intact group. The rate and efficiency of recovery varied at different levels of organization. Reduction of damage caused by irradiation in a sublethal dose at different levels of organization of experimental animals was shown.

[Three-year dynamics of the changes in the physical fitness, anthropometric development, food preferences, and metabolic changes in the students trained according to the modified methodology of physical culture]. / Trekhgodichnaia dinamika izmeneniia fizicheskoi podgotovlennosti, antropometricheskogo razvitiia, pishchevykh predpochtenii i metabolicheskikh izmenenii u studentov, zanimaiushchikhsia po modifitsirovannoi metodike fizicheskoi kul'tury.

BACKGROUND: The high level of physical activity is known to contribute to the harmonious development of children and adolescents: moreover; it is a factor promoting prevention of hypodynamia. The low level of physical activity is a risk factor for the development of many non-communicable diseases. However, physical education is not considered by many students as an attractive subject. AIM: The objective of the present study was the enhancement of the motivational aspects of physical activity for the prevention of hypodynamia among students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Physical education of the students was carried out with the use of the standard and modified methods. A total of 206 students (including 133 girls and 73 boys) at the mean age of 17.5±1.5 years were available for the examination. The study was conducted before the intervention (1st year) after the termination of the physical culture lessons envisaged by the academic curriculum (3rd year). The evaluation of the physical conditions and fitness of the students was conducted on the basis of the Russian Physical Culture and Sport Complex (GTO), bioimpedance analysis making use of the 'Medass' ABC-01 device; the functional reserves of the organism were assessed by means of hardware-software programs; the changes in food preferences were estimated on the basis of the FLLANK, questionnaire preliminarily adapted to the specific conditions of this country, and the characteristics of the metabolic processes were evaluated by laser correlation spectroscopy. RESULTS: Dynamics of the successful performance of the GTO normatives in the girls manifested itself in the in reduction of time they spent to run the 100 meter distance; the same was true for the boys who had to overcome the distance of 3000 meters. The students of both sexes became capable of increasing the number of repetitions of crunch and jumping rope exercises. The basal metabolism in the girls was increased within one year after the start of classes, and in the boys two years after the onset of the exercises; simultaneously, the positive changes in the metabolic profile were documented in the students of either sex. No adverse events related to the application of the modified training methods were recorded. CONCLUSION: An important aspect of the present study was the impact of new methods of teaching physical education on the composite body composition. The modified methods were found to shift dietary preferences and metabolic processes in the body of the students after the termination of the educational program.

[Clinical biochemistry methods in objectiva evalution of overeating foood of carnivores (meat) by a phylogenetically herbivorous homo sapiens (a patient).]

The abuse of food of carnivores (meat) by phylogeneticallyI herbivorous Homo sapiens (a patient) initiates atherosclerosis. Addressing biogenetic law of E. Haeckel that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny (a universal anamnesis), we suggest a diagnostic technique that allows evaluation of the meat diet abuse by a herbivorous Homo sapiens. This technique is based on application of phylogenetic theory of general pathology to clinical practice. The degrees of objective evaluation of nonphysiological overeating of meat are: the first, an increase in the fast plasma content of oleic triglycerides palmitoyl-oleyl-palmitate (POP). The second, hyperglyceridemia + an increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CL) content. The third, increased plasma content of apoС-III. The fourth, an increase in the concentration of apoВ-48. If electrophoregrams are analyzed and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type is determined according to WHO classification, the first degree of meat overeating is not informative, the second, corresponds to type IV HLP; the third, to type IIb HLP, and the forth, to type V HLP, i.e, the patient diet consists practically of the food of carnivores. Hyperlipoproteinemia coincides with insulin resistance yndrome, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which is based on blood increase of fatty acids in the form of polar unesterified fatty acids (UFA). According to phylogenetic theory of general pathology, in vivo cells do not internalize glucose if there is a possibility to internalize UFA. Preventive examination allows evaluation of disorders in the biological function of trophology (food consumption). Thus, the use of different methods in the analysis of this function offers evaluation of the effectiveness of diet therapy from the level of disorders when treatment was started.

[Atherosclerosis and atheromatosis are consequtive metabolic disordes. Pathology of the biological functions of trophology and endoecology is the basis for ischemic heart disease prevention.]

Atherosclerosis and atheromatosis are different nonphysiological processes with different etiology and pathogenesis. They manifest alterations in different biological functions. According to our original phylogenetic theory of general pathology, atherosclerosis is associated with altered biological function of trophology, eating, biological reaction of exotrophy. Atherosclerosis is induced by eating of nonoptimal for phylogenetically herbivorous Homo sapiens meat diet with high content of palmitic saturated fatty acid (SFA), which leads to in vivo formation of phylogenetically early low-efficient palmitic pathway of FA metabolism instead of highly-efficient oleic pathway operating in herbivores. Accumulation of nonligand palmitic very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the bloodstream results from nonphysiological reaction of compensation upon transport of palmitic SFA to cells. An increase in blood content of palmitic triglycerides (TG) and nonligand palmitic VLDLЛ→LDL coincides with the development of hypercholesterolemia: type IV→ type IIb → type V. Atheromatosis compensates changes in lipoproteins by activation of the biological function of endoecology (purity of the extracellular medium) in vivo, thus fulfilling the biological reaction of inflammation. This is physiological denaturation of apoВ-100 in nonligand VLDL→LDL by neutrophils via peroxidation, opsonization by the complement components, transcytosis across the endothelial monolayer and removal to the intima of elastic arteries that serves as a collection and utilization pool for phogogens from local intravascular pool of the intercellular medium. Endogenous phlogogens are utilized by phylogenetically early polyfunctional resident macrophages which are small in number and do not proliferate. Blood-borne monocytes-macrophages are also involved in this process, however, they do not express acid hydrolase of polyenic cholesteryl esters. Atheromatous masses are partially catabolized polyenic FA esterified by the alcohol cholesterol which were not internalized by cells. Atheromatosis is a process of pathological compensation in the realization of the function of endoecology. Prevention of atherosclerosis and atheromatosis should be based on elimination of the effects produced by a nonphysiological meat diet.

[A comparative analysis of the informative value of anti-AChR-antibody radioimmunoassay and laser correlation spectroscopy in myasthenia gravis]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz informativnosti radioimmunologicheskogo opredeleniya antitel k atsetilkholinovomu retseptoru i lazernoi korrelyatsionnoi spektroskopii pri miastenii.

AIM: An aim of the study was to compare informative value of traditional approach (anti-AChR antibody radioimmunoassay) and evaluation of metabolic shifts by laser correlation spectroscopy in myasthenia gravis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search for the relationship between the disease severity in 77 patients, 12-80 years and the distribution pattern of subfraction serum components revealed three informative zones: 6-15, 27-67, and 127-223 nm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In patients without disturbances of vital functions, the contribution of the first zone particles into light scatter increases and that of the third zone particles decreases. Considerable differences attaining the level of statistical significance in zones 6 and 20 nm were revealed in the spectra of serum from patients with myasthenia gravis of the same severity with and without thymoma. This opens prospects for dynamic monitoring of the efficiency of therapy.

Comparison of the size of membrane microparticles of different cellular origin by dynamic light scattering.

Size of membrane microparticles (MPs) from blood plasma and MPs produced in vitro by activated endothelial cells (ECs), monocytes, THP-1 monocytic cells, granulocytes, and platelets was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. MPs were sedimented from the culture media, cell supernatants, and plasma at 20 000 g for 30 min. Average diameters of all types of MPs ranged from 300 to 600 nm. Plasma MPs had the smallest size. Close sizes were registered for MPs from platelets and THP-1 cells. MPs from monocytes were larger, and MPs from granulocytes and ECs were the largest ones. The data obtained indicate that the size of membrane MPs depends on the type of their cell-producers.

[The interaction of nano-particles of titanium dioxide and blood serum in patients with autoimmune diseases.]

The article considers interaction of nano-particles of titan oxide and blood serum of patients with verified diagnoses of "myasthenia" and "allergy". The analysis of solution of nano-powder of titan oxide using technique of laser correlated spectrometry demonstrated that main input into light scattering is made by particles with radius of 4.64-8.42 nm. The data concerning dimensions of particles received with laser correlated spectrometry matches data of analysis of these particles with various physical techniques. The nano-particles of titan oxide stabilized with phosphoric acid at interaction with blood serum cause development and sedimentation of complexes with albumins and globulins. The interaction of nano-particles of titan oxide with blood serum of patients with myasthenia results in elimination from it the significant percentage (40%) of circulating immune complexes. In blood serum of patients with bronchial asthma, nano-particles of titan oxide bind proteins of small size mainly.

[Zinc homeostasis and indicators of muscle activity in experimental graduated exercise on the background of zinc asparaginate].

The influence of a regular (for 7 and 14 days) 10-minute dosed exercise in isolation and on the background of intragastric administration of 5 and 15 mg/kg of zinc (II) asparaginate on the distribution of this metal in the organs and tissues of experimental animals and the indicators of muscle activity such as the level of lactate, creatinine and creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2.) serum were studied. It has been shown that exercise stress for 14 days causes a more pronounced change in homeostasis Zn, compared with 7 day, it is reflected in increased levels in the kidney, serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fur animals. It has been shown that graduated exercise for 14 days causes a more pronounced change in Zn homeostasis, compared with 7 day that expressed in increased its levels in the kidney, serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fur animals. Introduction zinc (II) asparaginate accompanied by an increase of its content in the liver, kidneys, hair and serum, but not skeletal and cardiac muscle. The combination of physical activity and the introduction of zinc positive effect on homeostasis of Zn, and the terms of muscle activity. The protective effect of zinc asparaginate with graduated exercise in the experiment was concluded.

[Shifts in subcellular content of blood serum and urine at asthma: animal model, clinic and monitoring data].

We reproduced mouse model of bronchial asthma, evaluated metabolic shifts of serum homeostasis during disease development, and compared these results with the data on metabolic shifts in bronchial asthma patients. In experimental mice pronounced pathological changes in the lungs, considerable lymphocytosis and decrease in neutrophil count were detected. Metabolic shifts were studied using method of laser correlation spectroscopy (LCS) of blood serum and urine. Method of LCS allows determining the dispersion composition of the studied fluid by the relative contribution of particle components into light scattering. The relative content of particles of different size.characterizes the direction of metabolic shifts in the organism. Similar patterns of particle distribution in biological fluids of experimental animals and patients suggest that LCS can be used as an additional method for evaluation of the severity of the disease and efficiency of therapy.

Dynamics of changes in physiological parameters of mice with different radiosensitivity after acute γ-irradiation.

We studied radiosensitivity of 101/Hf, C3H/Sn, and C57Bl mice exposed to sublethal doses of γ-radiation. C57Bl mice responded to radiation much later than 101/Hf and C3H/Sn mice, while their adaptability was high enough. 101/Hf and C3H/Sn mice developed acute radiation sickness in a similar way. However, C3H/Sn mice showed better physiological indicators after radiation crisis. There was no noticeable improvement after the development of radiation sickness in 101/Hf mice. To assess individual radiosensitivity, integrated approach should be applied using the data obtained by different methods on several physiological levels.

Systemic effects of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) during acute γ-irradiation.

The effects of TRAIL at various physiological levels were studied on 101/Hf and C3H/Sn mice during acute γ-irradiation with 750 R. An intravenous injection of TRAIL attenuated the effects of γ-irradiation on the body weight, subfractions of blood plasma, horizontal and vertical activity in the open-field test, tissue injury in the small intestine and liver, and content of Hassall's corpuscles in the thymus. The degree of these changes differed in mice of study strains.

[Possible mechanism of the selective action of the inhibitors of glycolysis in the endothelial cells and the human carcinoma cells in the culture].

It is known that the production of energy and synthesis of macromolecules in cancer cells depend on the glucose metabolism to a greater extent than in non-tumor. In this paper we carry out a comparative study of the effectiveness of the two modifiers glycolysis 2 - D-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and dichloroacetate (DCA) in the induction of the cell death, changes in the cell cycle progression and in the alteration of the intracellular ROS levels in endothelial cells (line ECV304) and human carcinoma cells (line HeLa G-63) in order to identify cause-effect relations between these events. It has been shown that inhibition of the various stages of the glycolysis result in blocking cells in C2/M phase of the cell cycle and the induction of the cell death. This effect was record for HeLa G-63 cells only. DCA is inhibitor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and 2-DG is inhibitor of the glucose transport and glycosylation induced selective dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in HeLa G-63 cells. The increase of intracellular levels of the oxygen radicals induced by DCA in the cells HeLa G-63 suggests that the cytotoxic effect of the DCA is mediated by activation of the mitochondrial functions. The cytotoxic effect of 2-DG depend on the level of glucose in the culture medium, therefore we suggest that not only the oxidative stress, but and the energy depletion involved in selective response of the cancer cells on the actions of the inhibitors of glycolysis.

[The results of laser correlation spectroscopy method for dynamic monitoring of children and adolescents with iron deficient anemia].

Using laser correlation spectroscopy method, we evaluated the distribution of subcellular components of blood serum from children with iron-deficient anemia. Comparison of the obtained results with the data of standard clinical studies demonstrated high information value of the developed approach. Risk group for anemia was determined. We revealed differences in the direction of metabolic shifts in children before and after therapy.

Contribution of the complement system to realization of biological fluid cytotoxicity in health and disease.

The cytotoxic effects of human blood serum were studied under normal and pathological conditions. The contribution of the complement system to the realization of this effect was demonstrated. Significant differences in the serum capacity to kill foreign cells were detected for healthy subjects and asthmatics. Bovine sperm suspension can serve as the test object for rapid evaluation of functional activity of the complement system.

[Information capability of the test with radioadaptive response in functiional evaluation of pilots].

Information capability of the radioadaptive response test was assessed during functional evaluation of pilots in the course of adaptation to fight factors. Functional evaluation was made on the system level, i.e., by cardiorespiratory parameters (spirometry and arteriorcardiography), the cellular level by individual sensitivity to ionized radiatiin of metabolic shifts (laser correlation spectroscopy of biological liquids). Changes in molecular composition of blood serum and cardiorespiratory functions were compared with individual radiosensitivity of pilots with varying fight time. Incidence of and strength of lymphocytes' RAR decreased with increasing flight hours. In light scattering spectra the input of particles with small hydrodynamic radius (no more than 11 nm) reduced and that of large particles (more than 200 nm) increased. Total power of the cardiac rhythm variability (CRV) spectrum decreased whereas stress-index grew in value. Breathing test raised peripheral systolic and diastolic blood pressure in masked pilots w/o RAR. Besides, it reduced total spectrum of systolic pressure variability and input of very low frequencies. In the group of RAR pilots, relative input of low frequencies into CRV grew and of high frequencies decreased; blood pressure did not alter Decreased input of small particles and increased input of large particles in light scattering as compared with baseline values were found only in RAR pilots suggesting shifts in metabolism and humoral immunity. It can be hypothesized that level of individual radiosensitivity reflects general resistance of organism to negative factors of environment.

[Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies: effect of immunosuppressive drug therapy in patients with myasthenia gravis].

We studied anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies (ARAb) in 25 patients with myasthenia gravis before and after the immunosuppressive drug (steroid) therapy and in 22 patients before and after thymectomy. The clinical effect after the treatment was correlated with the reduction of ARAb levels by more than 20% in 62% of patients. The ARAb levels did not change, or even increased, in 15% patients despite the improvement of their clinical state. We showed the direct correlation between the clinical improvement and the decrease of ARAb level.