A Patient with Hypothyroidism in Need of Periodontal Connective Tissue Graft Surgery.

Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by thyroid hormone deficiency and can be caused by a variety of factors. Untreated or chronic hypothyroidism can present in adult patients as myxedema, which is characterized by symptoms including fatigue, generalized slower metabolism, weight gain, depressed mood, dry skin, and brittle hair. Hypothyroidism can have various oral manifestations, particularly in children, in whom it can delay the eruption of the dentition. Dental management of patients with hypothyroidism depends on the etiology and status of the disease and requires the consideration of other organ systems affected.

A Young Adult Patient with Rheumatoid Disorder Presents for the Evaluation of Limited Mouth Opening.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), formerly known as Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, includes all forms of chronic arthritis with unknown etiology that occurs before the age of sixteen. Clinical practice guidelines for JIA management have been evolving for the past 10 years. JIA affects approximately 1 per 1000 children in the U.S. causing short and long-term disability. Polyarticular JIA represents 30% to 40% of JIA and affects five or more joints within 6 months of onset, including the smaller joints, such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). TMJ involvement in JIA is between 17% and 87% and can cause craniofacial abnormality resulting in significant functional and aesthetic complications. It is important for the oral healthcare provider to recognize common signs and symptoms of JIA and facilitate multidisciplinary patient care for time management and better prognosis.