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1.
Med. interna Méx ; 34(1): 57-71, ene.-feb. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-976046

ABSTRACT

Resumen Durante mucho tiempo, los esfuerzos para disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular en los adultos se centraron en el intento de reducir tanto como fuese posible las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol 6, LDL (c-LDL). Hasta muy recientemente se concluyó que en los estudios clínicos de medicamentos con acción en los lípidos circulantes no existía evidencia directa que permitiera determinar cuál es la mejor meta de c-LDL para la disminución del riesgo cardiovascular y tampoco se concedió importancia suficiente a los eventos adversos de las diferentes combinaciones farmacológicas recomendadas para el logro de las concentraciones de c-LDL más bajas posibles. El análisis exhaustivo realizado para la actualización del Programa para el Control del Colesterol en el Adulto de Estados Unidos (NCEP-ATP-III), que comprendió una gran cantidad de estudios controlados con distribución al azar, permitió en 2013 la postulación de un nuevo paradigma de tratamiento que abandona el concepto de metas determinadas de c-LDL y que insiste en la importancia de las modificaciones favorables en el estilo de vida, además de que recomienda la administración preferencial de estatinas, en tipos y dosis fijas, debido a que un importante volumen de evidencia ha demostrado que estos agentes atenúan la progresión de la aterosclerosis coronaria y promueven la regresión de ésta, con lo que disminuyen significativamente la morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovasculares en la prevención primaria y en la secundaria. En este nuevo paradigma terapéutico fue posible también la identificación de los grupos de pacientes que pueden beneficiarse con la administración de estatinas. En consensos y guías más recientes, algunas asociaciones sostienen la necesidad de lograr ciertas metas de cLDL de acuerdo con el riesgo, pero mantienen a las estatinas como el pilar del tratamiento, solas o en combinación con ezetimiba o con antagonistas de la convertasa de proproteínas subtilisina/kexina de tipo 9 (PCSK9: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9). En este artículo se revisa la evidencia clínica relativa a la administración de atorvastatina, que en gran medida permitió el desarrollo del nuevo paradigma de manejo del riesgo cardiovascular.


Abstract For a long time, efforts to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults focused on the attempt to reduce plasmatic LDL cholesterol (LDLc) levels as much as possible. Until very recently, it was concluded that in clinical studies of drugs with action on circulating lipids, there was no direct evidence to determine the best LDLc target for cardiovascular risk reduction, and that adverse events, or the almost absent demonstration of impact on hard outcomes of the different pharmacological combinations recommended for the achievement of the lowest possible LDLc concentrations, were not considered. The comprehensive analysis for the update of NCEP-ATP-III (National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III), which included a large number of controlled and randomized trials, allowed in 2013 the postulation of a new treatment paradigm, which leaves the concept of specific goals of LDLc and postulates the importance of favorable lifestyle modifications and which commends the pre-ferential use of statins, fixed doses and type, because a large volume of evidence has shown that these agents attenuate the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and promote the regression of this, which significantly decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in both primary and secondary prevention. In this new therapeutic paradigm, it was also possible to identify the groups of patients that can benefit from the use of statins. In more recent consensuses and guidelines, some associations support the need to achieve risk-adjusted LDLc, but keep statins as the mainstay of treatment, alone or in combination with ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCKS-9) antagonists. This article reviews the clinical evidence regarding the use of atorvastatin, which allowed the development of the new cardiovascular risk management paradigm.

2.
Acta ortop. mex ; 31(6): 319-327, nov.-dic. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-949788

ABSTRACT

Resumen: En la degradación del cartílago articular, la limitación funcional y el dolor se asocian a la alteración cuantitativa y cualitativa del ácido hialurónico en un proceso fisiopatológico sobre el que influye una amplia variedad de factores cuyo impacto agrava la enfermedad y disminuye la calidad de vida del paciente. El manejo farmacológico convencional para la osteoartritis es a menudo insuficiente. Por fortuna, en el mundo actual se cuenta con viscosuplementos capaces de mejorar, restituir y promover la producción endógena del ácido hialurónico degradado en los cuadros de osteoartritis. El uso de estos compuestos exige el apego a un conjunto de técnicas específicas, diseñadas para la correcta infiltración intraarticular del viscosuplemento sin necesidad de infligir una carga traumática adicional al paciente; estas técnicas -con referencia especial al paciente afectado por la osteoartritis de rodilla (gonartritis)- se describen en el presente artículo, en el que además se destacan los criterios para la elección del viscosuplemento idóneo, el más semejante al ácido hialurónico nativo de personas jóvenes y sanas y aquel cuyo uso terapéutico reporta mayores beneficios clínicos a corto y a largo plazo.


Abstract: In the degradation of articular cartilage, functional limitation and pain -cardinal signs of osteoarthritis- underlies, as a central factor, the quantitative and qualitative alteration of hyaluronic acid, the main component of synovial fluid and cartilage, in a pathophysiological process influenced by a wide variety of risk factors whose impact complicates the disease and radically reduces the quality of life of the patient. Conventional pharmacological management for osteoarthritis is often insufficient. Fortunately, in our days, there are viscosupplements capable of improving, replacing and promoting the endogenous production of degraded hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis. The use of these compounds requires the adherence to a set of specific techniques, designed for the correct intra-articular infiltration of the viscosupplement without the need to inflict an additional traumatic load on the patient; these techniques -with special reference to the patient affected by knee osteoarthritis (gonarthritis)- are described in this article, which also highlights the criteria for choosing the ideal viscosupplement, the one most similar to hyaluronic acid native in healthy young people, and one whose therapeutic use reports greater clinical benefits in the short and long term.


Subject(s)
Humans , Synovial Fluid , Osteoarthritis, Knee/therapy , Osteoarthritis, Knee , Injections, Intra-Articular
3.
Med. interna Méx ; 33(6): 797-808, nov.-dic. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-954916

ABSTRACT

Resumen Este artículo aporta herramientas útiles para el diagnóstico y el diagnóstico diferencial de la hipertensión arterial resistente. En él, se refieren las recomendaciones de las principales guías internacionales de tratamiento respecto de las cifras meta de presión arterial, la incapacidad o falla del tratamiento triple en un amplio porcentaje de pacientes y los factores para la elección racional del cuarto agente para la institución de un tratamiento cuádruple. Esta elección se basa en la capacidad de la espironolactona -antagonista de los receptores de aldosterona- para inhibir los efectos nocivos de la aldosterona que dificultan el control de la presión arterial e incrementan el riesgo cardiovascular en un alto porcentaje de pacientes.


Abstract This article provides useful tools for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of resistant hypertension. Here, we refer the recommendations of the main international guidelines of management respect to the target goals of the blood pressure, the failure of triple therapy in a large percentage of patients and the factors for the rational choice of the fourth agent for the institution of a quadruple therapy. This choice is based on the ability of spironolactone, antagonist of aldosterone receptors, to inhibit the deleterious effects of aldosterone that difficult the control of blood pressure and increase the cardiovascular risk in a high percentage of patients.

4.
Med. interna Méx ; 33(1): 61-83, ene.-feb. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-894235

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los edulcorantes no calóricos representan una buena alternativa para sustituir los sabores dulces sin la respuesta fisiológica que genera el consumo de azúcares. Por sí solos no son herramientas para el control de peso. Su consumo debe ir acompañado de una dieta correcta y un estilo de vida saludable que incluya actividad física. Su utilidad radica en proporcionar el agradable sabor dulce sin el aporte energético. La inocuidad de cada uno de los compuestos aprobados está comprobada y se reevalúa constantemente para tomar en cuenta los resultados de nuevos estudios. Debido a que no existe un edulcorante perfecto, la variedad ayuda a que se desarrollen productos cada vez más agradables para el consumidor. Este trabajo es fruto de una revisión exhaustiva de la bibliografía y de las discusiones de un panel de expertos de diversas especialidades: toxicología, ginecoobstetricia, pediatría, endocrinología, nutrición, medicina interna, salud pública y medicina preventiva, en el que se analizó extensamente la bibliografía se revisó una variedad de trabajos científicos que responden a las interrogantes que habitualmente se hacen los profesionales de la salud acerca de seguridad en diferentes grupos etáreos y con afecciones específicas, ingestión diaria admisible, etc.


Abstract Non-caloric sweeteners are a good alternative to replace the sweet flavors without the physiological response generated by the consumption of sugars. Alone they are not tools for weight control. Its intake must be accompanied by a proper diet and a healthy lifestyle that includes physical activity. Its usefulness lies in providing a pleasant sweet taste without the energy intake. The safety of each of the compounds is tested and approved and constantly reassessed to take into account the results of new studies. Since there is no perfect sweetener, variety helps that more and more pleasing to the consumer products are developed. This work is the result of a comprehensive review of the literature and discussions of a panel of experts from various specialties: toxicology, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, endocrinology, nutrition, internal medicine, public health and preventive medicine, where literature was widely analyzed reviewing a variety of scientific papers that address the questions that usually are made by health professionals on safety in different age groups and with specific diseases, acceptable daily intake, etc.

5.
Acta Ortop Mex ; 31(6): 319-327, 2017.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29641861

ABSTRACT

In the degradation of articular cartilage, functional limitation and pain cardinal signs of osteoarthritis underlies, as a central factor, the quantitative and qualitative alteration of hyaluronic acid, the main component of synovial fluid and cartilage, in a pathophysiological process influenced by a wide variety of risk factors whose impact complicates the disease and radically reduces the quality of life of the patient. Conventional pharmacological management for osteoarthritis is often insufficient. Fortunately, in our days, there are viscosupplements capable of improving, replacing and promoting the endogenous production of degraded hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis. The use of these compounds requires the adherence to a set of specific techniques, designed for the correct intra-articular infiltration of the viscosupplement without the need to inflict an additional traumatic load on the patient; these techniques with special reference to the patient affected by knee osteoarthritis (gonarthritis) are described in this article, which also highlights the criteria for choosing the ideal viscosupplement, the one most similar to hyaluronic acid native in healthy young people, and one whose therapeutic use reports greater clinical benefits in the short and long term.


En la degradación del cartílago articular, la limitación funcional y el dolor se asocian a la alteración cuantitativa y cualitativa del ácido hialurónico en un proceso fisiopatológico sobre el que influye una amplia variedad de factores cuyo impacto agrava la enfermedad y disminuye la calidad de vida del paciente. El manejo farmacológico convencional para la osteoartritis es a menudo insuficiente. Por fortuna, en el mundo actual se cuenta con viscosuplementos capaces de mejorar, restituir y promover la producción endógena del ácido hialurónico degradado en los cuadros de osteoartritis. El uso de estos compuestos exige el apego a un conjunto de técnicas específicas, diseñadas para la correcta infiltración intraarticular del viscosuplemento sin necesidad de infligir una carga traumática adicional al paciente; estas técnicas con referencia especial al paciente afectado por la osteoartritis de rodilla (gonartritis) se describen en el presente artículo, en el que además se destacan los criterios para la elección del viscosuplemento idóneo, el más semejante al ácido hialurónico nativo de personas jóvenes y sanas y aquel cuyo uso terapéutico reporta mayores beneficios clínicos a corto y a largo plazo.


Subject(s)
Osteoarthritis, Knee , Synovial Fluid , Humans , Injections, Intra-Articular , Osteoarthritis, Knee/therapy , Quality of Life
6.
Arch Inst Cardiol Mex ; 64(4): 367-72, 1994.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7840721

ABSTRACT

Although thoracic trauma is frequently accompanied by myocardial injury; this later is often oversighted at early stages of trauma and misdiagnosed by the time complications are present. Myocardial abnormalities have been attributed to a reduction of cardiac flow. Nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate, both agents with a known vasodilator effect on coronary arteries, might improve myocardial ischemic resulting from traumatic contusion. In order to compare safety and efficacy between two nitrates and placebo on myocardial contusion resulting from thoracic trauma, we carried out a comparative, prospective, single blind study. Subjects were randomly allocated to one of the following 3 groups: a) transdermal nitroglycerin, b) isosorbide dinitrate and c) placebo. Medication was dispensed for five days. Major endpoint were electrocardiographic abnormalities at entry and their final modifications. Other were severity injury score and myocardial enzyme levels. Twelve patients were included in each group. Four measured enzymes were high at entry, but MB fraction in the nitroglycerin group showed the most rapid normalization. Creatine phosphokinase and lactic dehydrogenase significantly correlated with severity injury index, but not MB fraction. Electrocardiographic normalization was mainly observed in the nitroglycerin group. Transdermal nitroglycerin systems demonstrated to be effective on recovering from electrocardiographic abnormalities resulting of myocardial contusion.


Subject(s)
Contusions/drug therapy , Heart Injuries/drug therapy , Nitrates/administration & dosage , Administration, Cutaneous , Administration, Oral , Adult , Chi-Square Distribution , Contusions/diagnosis , Female , Heart Injuries/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nitrates/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Single-Blind Method , Statistics, Nonparametric
8.
Arch Med Res ; 23(3): 117-22, 1992.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1308800

ABSTRACT

In Mexico, hypercholesterolemia has become a major public health problem particularly in the states of the north of the country and in Mexico City, where a prevalence of 20% has been reported. Schemes of treatment have now been reinforced by the appearance of new cholesterol reducing drugs. The objective of the study was to demonstrate efficacy and safety of a 10 mg daily dose of oral Pravastatin (a new 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA inhibitor) in a group of patients positive for hyperlipidemia, after 6 months of treatment. Twenty-five patients were included (14 men, 11 women) with an average age of 54 and 50 years, respectively. The main outcome measure was total cholesterol (T-CHOL), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and adverse drug reactions report. Twenty-one out of 25 patients completed the study. T-CHOL diminished 21%, LDL-C was reduced by 28%, TGL decreased 6% and HDL-C increased 32%. No adverse reactions were observed throughout the study. Our study shows that the use of a low dose of Pravastatin satisfactorily reduced T-CHOL and LDL-C levels while significantly increasing HDL-C after 27 weeks of treatment, without untoward effects.


Subject(s)
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/drug therapy , Pravastatin/therapeutic use , Adult , Cholesterol/blood , Creatine Kinase/blood , Female , Humans , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/blood , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/complications , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/epidemiology , Isoenzymes , Lipoproteins/blood , Liver Function Tests , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Pravastatin/adverse effects , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Socioeconomic Factors , Triglycerides/blood
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