ABSTRACT
The study sought to identify family conditions and school actions associated with academic self-efficacy and emotional well-being of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. School closures are likely to have affected students' sense of academic efficacy and emotional well-being by removing support factors such as teacher and peer support for both academic and social tasks. At the same time, family stressors caused by the pandemic are also likely to have affected children. Data were collected by a Chilean school district about the family conditions and well-being of 5th-12th-grade students (N = 1,941) during lockdown. Exploratory factor analysis and latent profile analysis were applied to parents' and students' reports about family processes and material conditions. Family profiles and school responses to lockdown were used to predict students' academic self-efficacy and emotions. Family profiles were mainly differentiated by parenting processes, material conditions, and parenting stress. Regression analyses showed that the family profile predicted students' negative emotions and low self-efficacy. Specifically, children of families with higher scores in all dimensions were less at risk of reporting low academic self-efficacy and negative emotions, but the two average profiles-with high and low stress-were not different in this regard. Student gender and age were predictors of negative emotions but not self-efficacy. In contrast to family factors, school actions during the pandemic did not predict academic self-efficacy and well-being. Results suggest that family processes continue to be relevant beyond early infancy. Implications for the targeting of policies to support parenting are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Child , Humans , Adolescent , Communicable Disease Control , Emotions/physiology , Schools , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Resumen Antecedentes: En el año 2019, las escuelas cerraron de forma presencial como medida de contención ante la pandemia del COVID-19, lo que implicó un cambio en los procesos tradicionales de educación y socialización entre los adolescentes. Objetivo: Identificar experiencias emocionales negativas en estudiantes de tres comunas vulnerables de Región Metropolitana de Chile durante este periodo. Método: 3.570 estudiantes de 10 a 18 años pertenecientes a 50 establecimientos educacionales públicos completaron un instrumento online de evaluación de condiciones socioemocionales. El promedio de edad fue de 12,65 (D.E=1,90) y el 52,5% se identificó con el género masculino. Se analizaron los datos a través de la prueba χ2 y Análisis de Clases Latentes. Resultados: Las emociones más experimentadas fueron la soledad y el miedo. La menos frecuente fue el aburrimiento. Se encontraron cuatro tipos de experiencias emocionales: (1) la experiencia de soledad (7%); (2) la experiencia combinada de preocupación, miedo y soledad (35,4%); (3) la experiencia generalizada de emociones negativas (9,6%) y (4) la experiencia de baja emocionalidad negativa (48,1%). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes presentan cuatro tipos de experiencias emocionales, tres de las cuales podrían alertar de un posible problema de salud mental. Estos datos deben tenerse en cuenta al planificar la respuesta sanitaria a corto y largo plazo.
Abstract Background: In 2019, schools closed face-to-face as a containment measure in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, which implied a change in the traditional processes of education and socialization among adolescents. Objective: identify negative emotional experiences in students from three vulnerable communes of the Metropolitan Region of Chile during this period. Methods: 3,570 students between 10 and 18 years of age from 50 public educational establishments completed an evaluation instrument of socioemotional conditions through an online platform. The average age was 12.65 (D.S=1.90) and 52.5% identified with the male gender. Data were analyzed through the χ2 test and Latent Class Analysis. Results: the most experienced emotions were loneliness and fear, the least frequent was boredom. Four types of negative emotional experiences were found: (1) the experience of loneliness (7%); (2) the combined experience of worry, fear, and loneliness (35.4%); (3) the generalized experience of negative emotions (9.6%) and (4) the experience low frequency of negative emotions (48.1%). Conclusions: Students present four types of emotional experiences, three of which, could alert them of a possible mental health problem. These data should be considered when planning the short and long-term health response.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Schools , ChileABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction Although an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and personality disorders has been observed in adult population, no descriptions in Chilean adolescents have been reported. Objective To explore personality profiles in Chilean adolescent patients diagnosed with ADHD. Method Non-experimental, comparative design, convenience sample with 61 adolescent patients (13-19 years old) diagnosed with ADHD who completed the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) questionnaire. Results compared parameters for the Chilean adolescent population and patients in the study. Attending psychiatrists completed a medical history file (comorbidities, pharmacological treatment and factors associated with mental health). Multivariate statistics, cluster analyses, and means comparison analyses were performed. This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Chile. Results The personality profile of female adolescent patients with ADHD resembles that of the general female population, while the profile of the male patients is similar to that of the patient's parameter group. Cluster analysis identified two personality sub-profiles: 25% of the subjects belonged to cluster 1, which was characterized by higher scores for different personality traits, expressed concerns, and clinical syndromes, compared with subjects from cluster 2. There were no differences regarding gender, ADHD clinical presentation, use of medication, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), type of school, grade retention, or, applicable only to the female group, comorbidities in belonging to cluster 1. Only the presence of comorbidity in male subjects was associated with cluster 1 membership. Discussion and conclusion Adolescent patients diagnosed with ADHD differed significantly in some personality traits when compared to Chilean parameters for the MACI. Of the adolescents studied, 25% have maladaptive personality characteristics.
Resumen Introducción Aún cuando en población adulta se ha observado una asociación entre el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) y el trastorno de personalidad, no se han reportado descripciones similares en población chilena. Objetivo Explorar perfiles de personalidad en adolescentes chilenos consultantes diagnosticados con TDAH. Método Diseño no experimental, comparativo y de muestra intencionada con 61 adolescentes consultantes diagnosticados con TDAH (13-19 años), que respondieron el inventario clínico de personalidad para adolescentes de Millon (MACI). Los resultados comparan los parámetros poblacionales de adolescentes no consultantes y consultantes chilenos con los resultados de los pacientes del estudio. Psiquiatras tratantes completaron las fichas de registro (comorbilidad, tratamiento farmacológico y determinantes asociados a salud mental). Se utilizaron estadísticos multivariados de aglomeración, análisis de clúster y análisis de diferencias de medias. Proyecto aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Chile. Resultados El perfil de personalidad de las mujeres consultantes con TDAH se asemeja al grupo de adolescentes chilenas no consultantes y el de los hombres, al perfil de consultantes. El análisis de clúster identificó dos subperfiles de personalidad. El 25% de los sujetos perteneció al clúster 1, que se caracteriza por puntajes más altos para diferentes rasgos de personalidad, preocupaciones expresadas y síndromes clínicos, comparado con los sujetos pertenecientes al clúster 2. Sólo la presencia de comorbilidad en hombres se asoció a la pertenencia al clúster 1, sin encontrarse diferencia por sexo, tipo de TDAH, uso de fármacos, experiencias adversas tempranas, tipo de colegio, repetición de grado escolar y diagnósticos comórbidos, sólo en el caso de las mujeres. Discusión y conclusión Los adolescentes consultantes con TDAH se diferencian significativamente en algunos rasgos de personalidad al compararlos con los parámetros poblacionales chilenos para el MACI. El 25% de los adolescentes estudiados tienen características desadaptativas de personalidad.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There are various language adaptations of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). In order to comply with the changes in DSM classification, the Spanish edition of the interview was in need of update and evaluation. METHODS: K-SADS-PL was adapted to correspond to DSM-5 categories. All clinicians received training, and a 90% agreement was reached. Patients and their parents or guardians were interviewed and videotaped, and the videos were exchanged between raters. Factor analysis was performed and inter-rater reliability was calculated only in the case of diagnoses in which there were more than five patients. RESULTS: A total of 74 subjects were included. The Factor Analysis yielded six factors (Depressive, Stress Hyperarousal, Disruptive Behavioral, Irritable Explosive, Obsessive Repetitive and Encopresis), representing 72% of the variance. Kappa values for inter-rater agreement were larger than 0.7 for over half of the disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The factor structure of diagnoses, made with the instrument was found to correspond to the DSM-5 disorder organization. The instrument showed good construct validity and inter-rater reliability, which makes it a useful tool for clinical research studies in children and adolescents.
Subject(s)
Interview, Psychological/methods , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Mood Disorders/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Adolescent , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Male , Population , Reproducibility of Results , SpainABSTRACT
Los trastornos ansiosos en la población chilena infantojuvenil son de alta prevalencia y frecuentemente subdiagnosticados. Han existido variados intentos para crear instrumentos que ayuden a su tamizaje, dentro de estos el SCARED es uno de los más utilizados. Para la población hispanoamericana se adaptó este autoreporte de niños y adolescente (AANA) con características psicométricas adecuadas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la capacidad para discriminar entre Trastorno ansioso y sus distintas dimensiones (pánico/somático, ansiedad de separación, ansiedad generalizada, fobia social y fobia escolar) del AANA en población infantojuvenil chilena no consultante. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el instrumento estudiado es capaz de determinar un único constructo (ansiedad) y que los distintos ítems logran determinar las 5 dimensiones encontradas en el estudio original. De acuerdo a los resultados es posible concluir que el AANA es un instrumento adecuado para pesquisar trastornos ansiosos en la población infantojuvenil chilena estudiada. Palabras Claves: Trastornos ansiosos, ansiedad, infantojuvenil, AANA, Análisis factorial exploratorio.
Anxiety disorders in chilean children and adolescents are highly prevalent and often underdiagnosed. Various attempts have been made to design tools which contribute in the screening of these conditions, among these the SCARED is one of the most popular ones. An adaptation of this instrument has been developed for hispanic population, the AANA (anxiety self-report for children and adolescents), which has proven adequate psychometric characteristics. The aim of this article is to analyzethe AANA's discriminant capacity for anxiety disorders and its various dimensions (panic / somatic, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, social phobia and school phobia) in Chilean non consulting children and adolescents. Our results showed that this instrument was able to determine a single construct (anxiety) and its items succeeded in identifying the 5 dimensions found in the original study. According to these results, we can conclude that the AANA is a suitable instrument for anxiety disorders screening in the chilean child and adolescent population studied. Key words: Anxiety disorders, self-reporting, SCARED, exploratory factor analisys,children and adolescents.
