ABSTRACT
Modern achievements of technical progress, in particular additive technologies (ATs) and three-dimensional printing, have been increasingly introduced in neurosurgical practice. The increasing complexity of surgical interventions requires thorough planning of surgery and a high level of training of young neurosurgeons. Creation of full-scale three-dimensional models for planning of surgery enables visualization of the anatomical region of interest. Additive technologies are especially extensively used in reconstructive surgery of skull defects. ATs enable fast and efficient solving of the following tasks: - generation of accurate models of the skull and an implant; - development and fabrication of individual molds for intraoperative formation of implants from polymeric two-component materials (e.g., PMMA); - fabrication of individual implants from titanium alloys or polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for further use in surgery.
Subject(s)
Plastic Surgery Procedures , Neurosurgical Procedures , Printing, Three-Dimensional , Prostheses and Implants , SkullABSTRACT
A total of 265 patients with intracerebroventricular hemorrhages were investigated for correlation between clinical manifestations and craniographic, echoencephaloscopic and cerebral angiographic data and brain pathomorphology. Intracerebroventricular hemorrhages were found in cases of severe craniocerebral trauma complicated, as a rule, with skull bones fractures, polar-basal cantusional foci, and intracerebral (rarely meningeal) hematomas. Relationship was established between the severity of craniocerebral lesions and intesites of intracerebroventricular hemorrhages which varied in character depending on the volume of adjacent intracerebral hemorrhage and the area covered by contusional polar-basal foci.
Subject(s)
Brain Concussion/complications , Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Cerebral Ventricles/pathology , Skull Fractures/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology , Cerebral Hemorrhage/pathology , Humans , Middle AgedABSTRACT
A small, vibration- and shock-resistant thermoluminescent dosemeter /TLD/ system--named PILLE--was developed at the Health Physics Department of the Central Research Institute for Physics, Budapest, to measure the cosmic radiation dose on board orbital stations. The first on-board measurements with this system were performed /by B. Farkas, the Hungarian astronaut/, on the Salyut-6 space station in 1980. The same instrument was used by other crews in the following years. Doses measured at different sites in Salyut-6 are presented. The dose rates varied from 0.07 to 0.11 mGy.day-1. After the first cosmic measurements, the system was further developed. The minimum detectable dose of the new TLD system is 1 microGy, i.e. less by on order of magnitude than that of the former system. The self-irradiation dose rate of the TLD bulbs is also reduced--by more than one order of magnitude--to 10 nGy.h-1, by the use of potassium-free glass for the bulb envelope. This new type of PILLE TLD system is currently on-board Salyut-7. The dose rates /0.12-0.23 mGy.day-1/ measured in 1983 are presented in detail.
