Does Nitrogen Fertilization Affect the Secondary Structures of Gliadin Proteins in Hypoallergenic Wheat?

One of the macronutrients indispensable for plant growth and development is nitrogen (N). It is responsible for starch and storage protein (gliadins and glutenins) biosynthesis and, in consequence, influences kernels' quality and yields. However, applying N-fertilizers increases gluten content in wheat, and it may intensify the risk of developing allergy symptoms in gluten-sensitive individuals. The purpose of our research was to analyse whether and how the elimination of N-fertilizers during the cultivation of wasko.gl- wheat (modified genotype lacking ω-gliadins) changes the secondary structures of gliadin proteins. To this aim, using the FT-Raman technique, we examined flour and gliadin protein extracts obtained from kernels of two winter wheat lines: wasko.gl+ (with a full set of gliadin proteins) and wasko.gl- (without ω-gliadin fraction) cultivated on two different N-fertilization levels-0 and 120 kg N·ha-1. On the basis of the obtained results, we proved that nitrogen fertilization does not have a major impact on the stability of the secondary structures of gliadin proteins for wasko.gl- wheat line with reduced allergenic properties. Furthermore, the results presented herein suggest the possibility of increasing the stability of glutenin structures as a result of the N-fertilization of wasko.gl- wheat line, which gives hope for its use in the production of wheat articles devoted to people suffering from diseases related to gluten sensitivity.

Bioactive Compounds in Different Buckwheat Species.

The accumulation of valuable nutrients in cereal grains depends on a number of factors, including species, cultivars, and environment conditions. The aim of this study was to compare protein, some polyphenols and rutin content, as well as mineral composition in Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum esculentum genotypes growing in Polish conditions. A field experiment was conducted on pseudopodsolic soil in 2017-2018 at the Experimental Station in Osiny (51°35', 21°55'), following randomized complete block method with three replications. Two cultivars of Fagophyrum esculentum (Kora and Panda), two cultivars of Fagopyrum tataricum (LIT1 and 63181) and two forms of Fagopyrum esculentum (Red Corolla and Green Corolla) were used in this experiment. We found differences in the tested compounds (protein, phenolic acids, rutin, and mineral composition) between cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic acid and rutin contents were higher in the Fagopyrum tataricum compared to Fagopyrum esculentum. Ferulic and coumaric acids were prominent in the Kora and Panda cultivars, however vanillic and syringic acids accumulated more in Green Corolla and Red Corolla. The common buckwheat seeds contained more Cu, Mn, and Mg and less Ca than tartary buckwheat. Moreover Fagopytum esculentum genotype contains more protein compared to Fagopyrum tataricum.