[Molecular biological markers for proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in diffuse toxic goiter]. / Molekuliarno-biologicheskie markery proliferatsii, apoptoza i angiogeneza pri diffuznom toksicheskom zobe.

The pathogenesis of diffuse toxic goiter has not yet been fully understood. The literature increasing commonly focusses on the issues related to the processes occurring in the thyroid gland itself: proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. AIM: to investigate clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as the expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, Fas-L, CD34, VEGF, and FGF proteins in various postoperative outcomes of patients operated on for diffuse toxic goiter. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The investigation enrolled 24 women who had undergone surgery using the technique described by E.S. Drachinskaya. Immunohistochemical tests were carried out according to the standard protocol. The expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, Fas-L, CD 34, VEGF, angiopoietin, and FGF proteins was determined. RESULTS: The patients with postoperative thyrotoxicosis were ascertained to have a significantly greater expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, proliferation marker Ki-67, vascular factors (FGF, VEGF), and CD 34. CONCLUSION: The relative expression area of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 of more than 2.19 or the proliferation protein Ki-67 of more than 1.059 was found to predict the development of postoperative thyrotoxicosis with an accuracy of higher than 85%.

[The role of a signal lymph node in surgical treatment of gastric cancer].

A method of intraoperative mapping of the lymph outflow tracts was used in 32 patients for a detection of the signal lymph node in gastric cancer using a lymphotropic stain BLUE PATENT V. The test-sensitivity was 78%. The intraoperative mapping of the lymph outflow tracts allows the volume and zone dissection in operations for gastric cancer to be exactly determined. The detection of the "signal" lymph node and its immunohistochemical investigation increases the accuracy of postoperative staging of gastric cancer. The absence of metastases in the signal lymph node in gastric cancer is not a determining criterion for refusal to perform lymphodissection in D2 volume.

[Characteristics of the functional state of the nervous system of middle-aged persons during anti-orthostatic hypokinesia]. / Osobennosti funktsional'nogo sostoianiia nervnoi sistemy lits starshego vozrasta v usloviialkh antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

The functional state of the nervous system and its autonomic compartment was investigated in 15 men, aged 40-52 years, during their 30-day exposure to head-down tilt (-8 degrees). Group 1 consisted of 9 subjects with early manifestations of cerebral atherosclerosis and Group 2 included 6 subjects with cerebral atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension. The control group incorporated 9 healthy volunteers, aged 25-39 years. During adaptation to head-down tilt, middle-aged and young subjects showed consistent changes in the nervous system. In response to perturbation effects, autonomic reactions were inert and autonomic support was excessive. However delayed onset of responses, duration and slow recovery of the parameters examined indicated that mechanisms of autonomic regulation were inadequate. These changes were most distinct in middle-aged subjects, particularly in Group 2 subjects: recovery of the functional state of the nervous system was completed by day 20 in middle-aged subjects and by day 9 in young subjects. The observations have demonstrated that the nervous system of most middle-aged subjects (taking into consideration age-related and atherosclerotic changes) has a sufficiently high level of functional capabilities during medium-duration head-down tilt studies.

[Features of the functional capabilities of the bodies of older persons exposed to simulated space flight factors]. / Osobennosti funktsional'nykh vozmozhnostei organizma lits starshego vozrasta pri vozdeistvii modelirovannykh faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta.

In response to simulated space flights cardiovascular and metabolic changes of 86 volunteers, aged 40-49 and 50-56, were similar to those of young people (25-39 years old). In most aged test subjects, the changes produced by 8-day head-down tilt (-8 degrees) and 7-day water immersion were moderate and reversible. This type of variation of the adaptive-compensatory reactions give evidence that aged people have sufficiently high functional capabilities. Nevertheless, 36% test subjects, aged 40-49, and 50% test subjects, aged 50-56, displayed certain features suggesting a reduction of the adaptive-compensatory capabilities (functional reserves) as a result of age-related and atherosclerotic changes of the cardiovascular system.

[Hemo- and neurodynamics of the human brain during exposure to moderate hypoxic hypoxia]. / Gemo- i neirodinamika golovnogo mozga cheloveka pri vozdeistvii umerennoi gipoksicheskoi gipoksii.

Synchronous electro- and rheoencephalography were used to study tolerance to moderate hypoxic hypoxia for 30 min at an altitude of 5000 m without additional oxygen supply. As test subject, men with autonomic-vascular dystonia (29-39 years old), 15 men over 40 (41-56 years old), and 16 essentially healthy controls (23-36 years old) were used. The aged volunteers (41-56 years old) did not differ from the controls with respect to their tolerance to hypoxic hypoxia. The men with early symptoms of hypertonic-type dystonia also showed high tolerance to hypoxic hypoxia. The subjects with hypotonic-type dystonia displayed lower tolerance.

[Bioelectric activity of the human brain during 180-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia and during the rehabilitation period]. / Bioélektricheskaia aktivnost' golovnogo mozga cheloveka pri 182-sutochnoi antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii i v periode reabilitatsii.

Cerebral bioelectric activity of 18 healthy test subjects, aged 31-40, was examined during and after their 182-day head-down tilting. The test subjects were divided into a group that performed countermeasures (exercise, muscle stimulation) against hypokinesia-induced disorders and a control group. During the study EEG changes were most pronounced in the controls: alpha-rhythm amplitude, frequency and index decreased, slow wave frequency reduced, whereas index of zonal differences and amplitude of beta- and slow waves increased. Phasic changes in the central nervous system excitability in response to a flickering light of 6-25 cps were found. Typical changes in spontaneous EEG during a 3 min pulmonary hyperventilation test were enhanced. The study gives evidence that the dynamics of spontaneous EEG as well as cerebral bioelectric activity in response to flickering light and pulmonary hyperventilation are important indicators of the cerebral function, especially of the cortical activity decrease.

[Bioelectrical activity of the brain during 49-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia in persons with the early signs of autonomic vascular dysfunction]. / Bioélektricheskaia aktivnost' golovnogo mozga pri 49-sutochnoi antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii u lits s rannimi proiavleniiami vegetativno-sosudistoi disfunktsii.

Cerebral bioelectric activity of 18 male test subjects (9 test subjects with early manifestations of autonomic-vascular dysfunctions of the hypertensive, hypotensive or cardiac type, and 9 healthy test subjects), aged 25 to 42, was studied during their 49-day head-down tilting (-4 degrees) and during recovery. On the 5th experimental day their EEG showed signs of CNS irritation and increased excitation in response to photostimulation. That was very marked in the test subjects with autonomic-vascular dysfunctions. On the 15, 30 and particularly 45th experimental day their EEG showed both diffusion and paroxysmal slow activity; CNS excitability decreased significantly during rhythmic photostimulation. By the 20th--22nd day of recovery EEG parameters returned to normal. This indicates that the changes were reversible and that the therapeutic measures applied were effective.

[State of vascular regulation and regional hemodynamics in the crew of "Soiuz-12" and "Soiuz-13" spaceships before and after flight]. / Sostoianie sosudistoi reguliatsii i regionarnoi gemodinamiki u chlenov ékipazhei "Soiuq-12" i "Soiuz-13" do i posle poleta

Postflight rheographic examinations carried out at rest and during postural tests showed noticeable changes in the vascular regulation and significant blood redistribution. On the recovery day there were no signs of the intracranical venous congestion to weightlessness. The tone of cerebral vessels, however, increased to prevent the development of cerebral venous congestions during the antiorthostatic test. This may be a result of weightlessness adaptation. These cerebral hemodynamic reactions were more pronounced in the crewmembers who made an 8-day flight than in those who made a two-day flight, i. e. in the cosmonauts who returned to Earth after weightlessness adaptation.

Antiorthostatic test as a model to study antigravity mechanisms of the cardiovascular system.

The paper presents rheographic investigations of regional haemodynamics (brain, lungs, liver and limbs) during antiorthostatic exposures of varying intensity (-15, -30, -45 degrees, times of exposure 20, 40 and 60 min). Our findings show that the pattern and time of the function of compensatory mechanisms preventing excessive vascular compliance [correction of complicance] under the influence of the hydrostatic blood column depend on the value and length of antiorthostasis, because prolonged venous congestion results not only in congestive circulatory hypoxia but also in arterial hypoxia due to compensatory limitation of arterial inflow.

[Adaptation of the cardiovascular system to negative gravitation stresses during repeated antiorthostatic measures]. / Adaptatsiia serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy k otritsatel'noi gravitatsionnoi nagruzke pri povtornykh antiortostaticheskikh vozdeistviiakh.

The cerebral, pulmonary, liver and peripheral circulation was studied simultaneously in 12 test subjects (aged 24--30) rheographically, photoplethysmographically and rheoplethysmographically; arterial pressure was measured by the Korotkoff method. The measurements were carried out during three antiorthostatic tests at --15degrees for 20 min or --30degrees for 20 min. It was shown that the cardiovascular system can adapt to repeated antiorthostatic exposures. The adaptation includes more significant decrease of the heart rate, increase in the systolic and pulse arterial pressure, fall of the diastolic arterial pressure, more marked reduction of antiorthostatically induced increase of blood filling and congestion of cerebral and pulmonary vessels, lesser decrease of their tone and blood redistribution into the vessels of the liver, upper and lower limbs. From the point of view of the adaptive effect repeated exposures to --15degrees are more effective.