ABSTRACT
AIM: To assess the inter-observer agreement and reliability as well as intra-observer repeatability for lacrimal scintigraphy (LS) reports with and without considering the irrigation test results. METHODS: A prospective, observational, cross sectional study. Two masked clinicians (lacrimal surgeon and nuclear medicine specialist) independently reported 100 LS images (50 patients of >6 years of age with unilateral anophthalmic socket) in a university hospital. The lacrimal surgeon performed a diagnostic irrigation test and repeated the report of the same LS images 2y after the first report (intra-observer agreement). A weighted Kappa analysis was performed to determine inter-observer agreement and reliability as well as intra-observer repeatability for the type (normal, partial and complete obstruction) and location (presac, preduct, and intraduct) of the obstruction. Subgroup analysis was also performed with consideration of irrigation test results. RESULTS: A significantly moderate agreement was found between lacrimal surgeon and nuclear medicine specialist for both the type (Kappa=0.55) and location (Kappa=0.48) of obstruction. Agreement values were higher for the type (Kappa=0.61 vs 0.41) and location (Kappa=0.56 vs 0.31) of obstruction in cases with normal than abnormal irrigation test. Strong and significant intra-observer (lacrimal surgeon) repeatability was found for both the type (Kappa=0.66) and location (Kappa=0.69) of obstruction. LS showed no to slight reliability based on irrigation test. CONCLUSION: A moderate agreement is found between lacrimal surgeon and nuclear medicine specialist regarding the interpretation of LS suggesting the importance of consensus groups among nuclear medicine specialists and lacrimal surgeons to create a common language for interpretation of LS. Intra-observer repeatability is strong for the lacrimal surgeon.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare the results of tear film and lacrimal drainage system tests between anophthalmic socket and normal eye and assess discharge characteristics and frequency of prosthesis removal (questionnaire), eyelid function, and meibomian glad dysfunction (MGD). DESIGN: Prospective masked case control. METHODS: Subjects (≥6 years and ≥6 months of wearing prosthesis) with unilateral acquired anophthalmic socket discharge were included. Excluded was ocular adnexal abnormality of any reason and incomplete tests. The subjective questionnaire was completed. Blinking rate, lagophthalmos, eyelid laxity, MGD, Schirmer test, tear meniscus height, and dye disappearance test were assessed by a masked examiner. Another masked examiner performed an irrigation test 1 week later and interpreted the scintigraphy images at the end of the study. RESULTS: Included were 50 subjects (mean age: 31.3 years, mean prosthesis wear: 96.1 months). Discharge was frequent or very frequent in 85%, mucoid or mucopurulent in 90%, and moderate to severe in 86% of the subjects. MGD in 58%, lagophthalmos in 80%, and eyelid laxity in 46% were observed. Anophthalmic socket sides showed a significantly lower tear production and higher tear drainage obstruction. Subjects with frequent prosthesis removal had a significantly (P = .02) greater lagophthalmos and blinking rate (P = .04). The blinking rate was also significantly greater in subjects with higher frequency of discharge (P = .04). CONCLUSION: Tear film impairment (aqueous and lipid) and lacrimal drainage obstruction should be considered in subjects with anophthalmic socket discharge. A significantly higher blinking rate and lagophthalmos were found in subjects with higher frequency of prosthesis removal.
