Proposition of irrigation system for wetting the clay surface of tennis courts.

The key to maintaining a clay court with quality and lastingly is through water applications, carried out periodically and through systems with high distribution uniformity, developed specifically for this purpose. The objective in this study was to evaluate the performance of a sprinkler irrigation system with hose and shower, traditionally used in clay tennis court, and propose another low-cost system that is operational and technically feasible, which is the irrigating bar. For each irrigation system, three evaluations were performed. At the beginning of each test, the pressures and flow rates of the emitters were measured, and the water distribution profile method was used to determine the distribution uniformity of the systems. Distribution efficiency was obtained through the Christiansen's (UC), distribution (UD), absolute (UA), statistical (US) and Hart's (UH) uniformity coefficients, HSPA standard efficiency (UHSPA) and, coefficient of variation (CV). Subsequently, the application and irrigation efficiencies were calculated. It was found that the irrigation bar required lower operating pressure, as well as greater stability of pressure and flow in relation to the hose system. Water losses in the hose/shower system (22.0%) were higher than in the irrigation bar (0.6%). Regardless of the evaluated system, UC (68.4% and 86.5%) and UH (66.4% and 87.5%) values were similar and higher than those of the other coefficients (~51.8% and ~81.2%). The collected depths, applied by the hose/shower irrigation system, showed high spatial variability and, consequently, low values of uniformity, being classified as poor or unacceptable. The irrigating bar promoted higher values of uniformity coefficients, being classified as good. Irrigation efficiencies were 53.97 and 85.97% for hose/shower and irrigation bar systems, respectively. The hose/shower system has low performance in the irrigation of clay tennis courts. The irrigation bar system, for providing technical, operational, and economic benefits, and has the potential to be used in the irrigation of clay tennis courts.

Uniformity of water distribution by a sprinkler irrigation system on a soccer field

Soccer field grass can be compared to highly sensitive crops regarding water deficit and must be irrigated throughout the year to provide decent conditions for use. For this, efficient irrigation systems are necessary to save water and energy, and this is possible, provided that they are evaluated. Therefore, this paper evaluated the water distribution uniformity, by different methodologies, for an irrigation system installed in a grass soccer field. Also, the influences of multiple spacings between sprinklers and meteorological factors on the final results were assessed. The irrigation system had Falcon 6504 sprinklers, operating at the pressure of 320 kPa. Six field essays were conducted considering overlaying water depths originated from the same irrigation system considering spacings between sprinklers varying from 6 m x 6 m, 6 m x 9 m, 9 m x 9 m, 9 m x 12 m, 12 m x 12 m, 12 m x 15 m, 15 m x 15 m, 15 m x 18 m, 18 m x 18 m, 18 m x 21 m, 21 m x 21 m, 21 m x 24 m, 24 m x 24 m, 24 m x 27 m, 27 m x 27 m, 27 m x 30 m and 30 m x 30 m. The uniformity coefficients used were: Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity coefficient (DU), absolute uniformity coefficient (UA), statistical uniformity coefficient (US), Hart uniformity coefficient (UH) and HSPA standard efficiency (UHSPA). Meteorological data were obtained during the essays. Wind speed caused reduction in the length of the water jet applied by the sprinkler and also caused a bigger effect on the water distribution uniformity. Both CU and UH showed higher values compared to the other coefficients. The increase in the spacing between the sprinklers resulted in reduced water distribution coefficients. To comply with technical and economic criteria, an arrangement of 12 m x 15 m between the Falcon 6504 sprinklers, operating at a 320 kPa pressure, is recommended.

Bromatologia e digestibilidade de gramíneas manejadas por corte submetidas à adubações nitrogenadas e estações anuais / Chemical composition and digestibility of the grasses cultivated under cut submitted the nitrogen fertilization and annual seasons

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) em seis gramíneas irrigadas e manejadas por corte sob efeito de diferentes doses nitrogenadas e estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas um esquema fatorial 4 x 6 (doses de nitrogênio e gramíneas) e nas subparcelas as estações do ano (outono/inverno e primavera/verão) no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As doses nitrogenadas foram de 100, 300, 500 e 700 kg ha-1 ano-1 e as gramíneas foram: Xaraés, Mombaça, Tanzânia, Pioneiro, Marandu e Estrela. Foram avaliados os teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e a DIVMS e suas obtenções foram de acordo com a literatura. Quanto a PB, o capim-pioneiro apresentou maior e os capins Xaraés e Marandu os menores teores. Maiores teores de PB foram encontradas na estação outono/inverno e quando se aumentou a adubação nitrogenada. Os capins Estrela e Pioneiro apresentaram maior e menor teores de FDN, respectivamente. A estação outono/inverno proporcionou menor teor de FDN. A adubação nitrogenada dependeu da estação e da gramínea para conferirem efeito no teor de FDN. Os capins Marandu e Estrela apresentaram maior e menor DIVMS, respectivamente. A estação do ano dependeu da adubação e da gramínea e a adubação nitrogenada dependeu da estação e da gramínea para conferirem efeito na DIVMS.

It was aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of six irrigated grasses under different nitrogen and annual seasons. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design, tends a factorial design 4 x 6 (nitrogen and grasses) in the plots and season (autumn/winter and spring/summer) in the split-plots, in a completely randomized block, with four repetitions. The nitrogen's was of 100, 300, 500 and 700 kg ha-1 ano-1 and the grasses were: Xaraes, Mombaça, Tanzania, Pioneiro, Marandu and Estrela. Were evaluated the crude protein (CD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and IVDMD and its obtainings went in agreement with to literature. Pioneiro grass presented larger and the Xaraes and Marandu the smallest CD. Larger CD were found in the autumn/winter season and when increased the nitrogen fertilization. The Estrela and Pioneiro grasses presented larger and smaller NFD, respectively. The autumn/winter season provided smaller NFD. The nitrogen fertilization depended on the season and of the grasses for they check effect in the NFD. Marandu and Estrela grasses presented larger and smaller IVDMD, respectively. To season it depended on the nitrogen and grasses and the nitrogen fertilization it depended on the season and grasses for they check effect in IVDMD.

Número de folhas do capim-xaraés em diferentes manejos e doses de adubação, intervalos de desfolha e estações anuais / Leaf numbers of xaraes grass in different management and rates of fertilization, rest periods and annual seasons

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes manejos e doses de adubação, intervalos de desfolha e estações anuais sobre as características morfogênicas do capim-xaraés. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas um esquema fatorial 2 x 2, duas estações anuais (inverno e verão) e dois manejos de adubação (convencional e fertirrigação), nas subparcelas quatro intervalos de desfolha (21, 28, 35 e 42 dias) e nas sub-subparcelas seis doses de adubação (0, 15, 39, 64, 83 e 100% das doses de 700 e 560 kg de N e K2O, respectivamente), no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As características morfogênicas foram estudadas por meio dos números de folhas emergentes (NFEm), expandidas (NFEx) e vivas (NFV). O capim-xaraés quando cultivado no inverno e adubado de forma convencional apresentou maior NFEx e NFV no intervalo de desfolha de 34 dias. Nas demais condições, o intervalo de desfolha proporcionou aumento linear no NFEx e NFV. O intervalo de desfolha não afetou o NFEm. O manejo da adubação não afetou e a estação verão e o aumento da dose de adubação proporcionaram aumento nas características morfogênicas.

It was aimed to analyze the effects of different management and rates of fertilization, rest period and annual seasons in the morphogenetic characteristic of the Xaraes grass. The experiment was mounted in a completely randomized arrangement, with four replications, in a split-split-plot design. The plots a 2 x 2 factorial, two annual seasons (winter and summer) e two management of fertilization (conventional and fertigation), four rest periods in the split-plots (21, 28, 35 and 42 days) and six rates of fertilization in the split-split-plots (0, 15, 39, 64, 83 and 100% of the doses of 700 and 560 kg of N and K2O, respectility). The morphogenetic characteristics were studied through the emerging leaf numbers (EmLN), expanded leaf numbers (ExLN) and living leaf numbers (LLN). The Xaraes grass when cultivated in the winter season and fertilized in a conventional way it presented larger ExLN and LLN in the rest period of 34 days. In the other conditions, the rest period it provided lineal increase in ExLN and LLN. The rest period it didn't affect the EmLN. The management of fertilization didn't affect and the summer season and increase of the rates of fertilization provided increase in the morphogenetic characteristics

Produção de seis gramíneas manejadas por corte sob efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e estações anuais / Yield of six grasses cultivated under cut management and effect of different irrigation depths and annual seasons

Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade e o teor de matéria seca de gramíneas manejadas por corte sob efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas seis gramíneas (Xaraés, Mombaça, Tanzânia, Pioneiro, Marandu e Estrela), nas subparcelas seis lâminas de irrigação (0, 18, 45, 77, 100 e 120 por cento da referência) e nas sub-subparcelas as estações (outono/inverno e primavera/verão) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. Para diferenciar a aplicação das lâminas de irrigação, utilizou-se o sistema por aspersão em linha. A produtividade e o teor de matéria seca foram obtidos por meio do material seco em estufa ventilada a 60ºC, por 72 h. Observou-se efeito das gramíneas, estações anuais e lâminas de irrigação nas duas características avaliadas. Na estação outono/inverno as gramíneas não diferiram e na primavera/verão a gramínea Pioneiro apresentou maior produtividade de matéria seca. Independente da estação, essa mesma gramínea apresentou o menor teor de matéria seca. A estação primavera/verão proporcionou maior produtividade e não afetou o teor de matéria seca. As lâminas de irrigação aumentaram a produtividade das gramíneas na estação outono/inverno e não afetaram ou diminuíram na estação primavera/verão. Esse mesmo fator reduziu o teor de matéria seca.

This study was aimed at evaluating the yield and dry matter content of grasses cultivated under cut management and different annual seasons and irrigation depths. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized arrangement, with two replications, in a split-split plot design. Six grasses (Xaraes, Mombaça, Tanzania, Pioneiro, Marandu, and Estrela) constituted the plots, six irrigation depths (0 percent, 18 percent, 45 percent, 77 percent, 100 percent, and 120 percent of the control) constituted the split-plots and two seasons (autumn/winter and spring/summer) the split-split-plots. To differentiate the application of irrigation depths the line source sprinkler system was used. The yield and dry matter content were obtained by drying the material in ventilated stoves at 60ºC, for 72 h. The effect of the grasses, annual seasons and irrigation depths were observed for the two characteristics studied. In the autumn/winter season the grasses did not differ and in the spring/summer the Pioneiro presented larger yield. Independently of the season, this same grass presented the smallest dry matter content. The spring/summer season provided larger yield and it did not affect the dry matter content. The irrigation depths increased the yield of the grasses in the autumn/winter season and they did not affect or they decreased the yield in the spring/summer. This same factor reduced the dry matter content of the grasses.