ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major health concern that requires accurate diagnosis and management. Body mass index (BMI) commonly used to diagnose obesity, has limitations in accurately assessing body fat. Body fat percentage (BF%) from whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans is gaining popularity as a more accurate method in diagnosing obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 319 adult patients who underwent whole-body DEXA scans in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia from May 2016 to December 2021 were recruited from three medical centers, where data for whole-body DEXA were available. Body fat percent was obtained from the whole-body DEXA scan reports and were compared to BMI to evaluate prevalence of obesity. Data was extracted by reviewing patients' records using a structured data collection tool. BMI was defined using WHO criteria, and diagnostic performance was assessed by estimating specificity, sensitivity, likelihood ratios, and predictive values, and by constructing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for BMI to detect obesity by age group. RESULTS: The gender-specific BF% cutoff points revealed a higher prevalence of obesity than BMI cutoff points. BMI misclassified 40.6% of participants, and optimal cutoff points yielding highest area under the curve were 24 kg/m2 and 24.3 kg/m2 for males and females, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study underscores the importance of using accurate and comprehensive diagnostic tools such as whole-body DEXA scans to assess obesity.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination is extremely rare but can occur. A growing body of evidence has indicated that portal vein thrombosis, autoimmune hepatitis, raised liver enzymes and liver injuries, etc., may be potential consequence of COVID-19 vaccines. OBJECTIVES: To describe the results of a systematic review for new-onset and relapsed liver disease following COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: For this systematic review, we searched Proquest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses PRISMA guideline for studies on the incidence of new onset or relapsed liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination, published from December 1, 2020 to July 31, 2022, with English language restriction. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-five cases from one hundred and eighteen articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of this systematic review. Autoimmune hepatitis (138 cases) was the most frequent pathology observed post-COVID-19 vaccination, followed by portal vein thrombosis (52 cases), raised liver enzymes (26 cases) and liver injury (21 cases). Other cases include splanchnic vein thrombosis, acute cellular rejection of the liver, jaundice, hepatomegaly, acute hepatic failure and hepatic porphyria. Mortality was reported in any of the included cases for acute hepatic failure (n = 4, 50%), portal vein thrombosis (n = 25, 48.1%), splanchnic vein thrombosis (n = 6, 42.8%), jaundice (n = 1, 12.5%), raised liver enzymes (n = 2, 7.7%), and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 3, 2.2%). Most patients were easily treated without any serious complications, recovered and did not require long-term hepatic therapy. CONCLUSION: Reported evidence of liver diseases post-COIVD-19 vaccination should not discourage vaccination against this worldwide pandemic. The number of reported cases is relatively very small in relation to the hundreds of millions of vaccinations that have occurred and the protective benefits offered by COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the risks.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Hepatitis, Autoimmune , Liver Failure, Acute , Venous Thrombosis , Humans , Chronic Disease , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Hepatitis, Autoimmune/complications , Hepatitis, Autoimmune/etiology , Liver Failure, Acute/complications , Vaccination/adverse effects , Venous Thrombosis/complications , Venous Thrombosis/etiologyABSTRACT
Microbiology; Bacteria; Antimicrobial; Infectious disease; Medical microbiology; Pharmacology; Pneumonia; Acinetobacter baumannii; Colistin.
